Township of Warwick, PA Article VI Zoning Hearing Board

§ 340-117 Establishment and membership.

A. When used hereafter in this article, the word "Board" shall mean the Zoning Hearing Board.

B. There shall be a Zoning Hearing Board which shall consist of five members who shall be appointed by resolution by the Board of Supervisors. The membership of the Board shall consist of residents of the Township. Their terms of office shall be five years and shall be so fixed that the term of office of one member shall expire each year. The Board shall promptly notify the Board of Supervisors of any vacancies which occur. Appointments to fill vacancies shall be only for the unexpired portion of the term. Members of the Board shall hold no other office in the Township. Any member of the Board may be removed for malfeasance, misfeasance or nonfeasance in office or for other just cause by a majority vote of the Board of Supervisors taken after the member has received 15 days advance notice of the intent to take such a vote. A hearing shall be held in connection with the vote if the member shall request it in writing.

C. The Board of Supervisors may appoint by resolution at least one but no more than five residents of the Township to serve as alternate members of the Board. The term of office of an alternate member shall be five years. When seated pursuant to the provisions of § 340-118, an alternate shall be entitled to participate in all proceedings and discussions of the Board to the same and full extent as provided by law for Board members, including specifically the right to cast a vote as a voting member during the proceedings, and shall have all the powers and duties set forth in this chapter and as otherwise provided by law. Alternates shall hold no other office in the Township, including membership on the Planning Commission and Zoning Officer. Any alternate may participate in any proceeding or discussion of the Board but shall not be entitled to vote as a member of the Board nor be compensated pursuant to § 340-119, unless designated as a voting alternate member pursuant to § 340-118 of this chapter.

§ 340-118 Organization of Board.

The Board shall elect from its own membership its officers, who shall serve annual terms as such and may succeed themselves. For the conduct of any hearing and the taking of any action, a quorum shall be not less than a majority of all members of the Board, but the Board may appoint a hearing officer from its own membership to conduct any hearing on its behalf and the parties may waive further action by the Board as provided in § 340-120. If, by reason of absence or disqualification of a member, a quorum is not reached, the Chairman of the Board shall designate as many alternate members of the Board to sit on the Board as may be needed to provide a quorum. Any alternate member of the Board shall continue to serve on the Board in all proceedings involving the matter or case for which the alternate was initially appointed until the Board has made a final determination of the matter or case. Designation of an alternate pursuant to this section shall be made on a case-by-case basis in rotation according to declining seniority among all alternates. The Board may make, alter and rescind rules and forms for its procedure, consistent with ordinances of the Township and laws of the commonwealth. The Board shall keep full public records of its business, which records shall be the property of the Township, and shall submit a report of its activities to the Board of Supervisors upon request.

§ 340-119 Expenditures for services.

Within the limits of funds appropriated by the Board of Supervisors, the Board may employ or contract for secretaries, clerks, legal counsel, consultants and other technical and clerical services. Members of the Board may receive compensation for the performance of their duties, as may be fixed by the Board of Supervisors. Alternate members of the Board may receive compensation, as may be fixed by the Board of Supervisors, for the performance of their duties when designated as alternate members pursuant to § 340-118, but in no case shall such compensation exceed the rate of compensation authorized to be paid to the members by the Board of Supervisors.

§ 340-120 Hearings.

A. The Board shall conduct hearings and make decisions in accordance with the following requirements:

(1) Public notice (as defined herein) shall be provided. In addition, the Zoning Hearing Board shall notify by mail the Zoning Officer, Township Secretary, each member of the Board of Supervisors, Secretary of the Township Planning Commission and every other person or organization who shall have registered with the Zoning Hearing Board for the purpose of receiving such notices. Such mailed notices shall state the location of the site and the nature of the request. It shall also state the time, date and location of the proposed hearing. In addition to the written notice provided herein, written notice of said hearing shall be conspicuously posted on the affected tract of land at least one week prior to the hearing.

(2) The Board of Supervisors may prescribe reasonable fees with respect to hearings before the Zoning Hearing Board. Fees for said hearings may include compensation for the Secretary and members of the Zoning Hearing Board, notice and advertising costs and necessary administrative overhead connected with the hearing. The costs, however, shall not include legal expenses of the Zoning Hearing Board, expenses for engineering, architectural or other technical consultants or expert witness costs.

(3) The hearing shall be held within 60 days from the date of the applicant's request, unless the applicant has agreed in writing to an extension of time.

B. The hearings shall be conducted by the Board or the Board may appoint any member as a Hearing Officer. The decision or, where no decision is called for, the findings shall be made by the Board; however, the appellant or the applicant, as the case may be, in addition to the Township may, prior to the decision of the hearing, waive decision or findings by the Board and accept the decision or findings of the hearing officer as final.

C. The parties to the hearing shall be the Township, any person affected by the application who has made timely appearance of record before the Board, and any other person including civic or community organizations permitted to appear by the Board. The Board shall have power to require that all persons who wish to be considered parties enter appearances in writing on forms provided by the Board for that purpose.

D. The Chairman or Acting Chairman of the Board or the Hearing Officer presiding shall have power to administer oaths and issue subpoenas to compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of relevant documents and papers, including witnesses and documents requested by the parties.

E. The parties shall have the right to be represented by counsel and shall be afforded the opportunity to respond and present evidence and argument and cross-examine adverse witnesses on all relevant issues.

F. Formal rules of evidence shall not apply, but irrelevant, immaterial or unduly repetitious evidence may be excluded.

G. The Board or the Hearing Officer, as the case may be, shall keep a stenographic record of the proceedings. The appearance fee for a stenographer shall be shared equally by the applicant and the Board. The cost of the original transcript shall be paid by the Board if the transcript is ordered by the Board or Hearing Officer; or shall be paid by the person appealing the decision of the Board if such appeal is made, and in either event the cost of additional copies shall be paid by the person requesting such copy or copies. In other cases the party requesting the original transcript shall bear the cost thereof.

H. The Board or the Hearing Officer shall not communicate, directly or indirectly, with any party or his representatives in connection with any issue involved except upon notice and opportunity for all parties to participate, shall not take notice of any communication, reports, staff memoranda, or other materials, except advice from their Solicitor, unless the parties are afforded an opportunity to contest the material so noticed and shall not inspect the site or its surroundings after the commencement of hearings with any party or his representative unless all parties are given an opportunity to be present.

I. The Board or the Hearing Officer, as the case may be, shall render a written decision or, when no decision is called for, make written findings on the application within 45 days after the last hearing before the Board or hearing officer. Where the application is contested or denied, each decision shall be accompanied by findings of fact and conclusions based thereon together with the reasons therefor. Conclusions based on any provisions of the Act or of this chapter, rule or regulation shall contain a reference to the provision relied on and the reasons why the conclusion is deemed appropriate in the light of the facts found. If the hearing is conducted by a Hearing Officer, and there has been no stipulation that his decision or findings are final, the Board shall make his report and recommendations available to the parties within 45 days and the parties shall be entitled to make written representations thereon to the Board prior to final decision or entry of findings, and the Board's decision shall be entered no later than 30 days after the report of the Hearing Officer. Where the Board fails to render the decision within the period required by this subsection, or fails to hold the required hearing within 60 days from the date of the applicant's request for hearing, the decision shall be deemed to have been rendered in favor of the applicant unless the applicant has agreed in writing or on the record to an extension of time. When a decision has been rendered in favor of the applicant because of the failure of the Board to meet or render a decision as hereinabove provided, the Board shall give public notice of said decision within 10 days from the last day it could have met to render a decision in the same manner as provided in Subsection A of this section. If the Board shall fail to provide such notice, the applicant may do so. Nothing in this subsection shall prejudice the right of any party opposing the application to appeal the decision to a court of competent jurisdiction.

J. A copy of the final decision or, where no decision is called for, of the findings shall be delivered to the applicant personally or mailed to him/her not later than the day following its date. To all other persons who have filed their name and address with the Board not later than the last day of the hearing, the Board shall provide by mail or otherwise, brief notice of the decision or findings and a statement of the place at which the full decision or findings may be examined.

K. Effect of Board's decision.

[Amended 10-17-2007 by Ord. No. 229]

(1) If a variance or special exception is granted, or the issuance of a permit is approved, or other action by the appellant or applicant is authorized, the necessary permit shall be secured and the authorized action begun within six months after the date when the variance or special exception is finally granted or the issuance of the permit is finally approved or other action by the applicant or appellant is authorized, and the building or alteration, as the case may be, shall be completed within 12 months of said date. However, upon written request by the appellant or applicant for good cause, the Board may extend either the six-month or twelve-month period, or both. In the case of an approval for a land development or a subdivision, the time period shall be automatically increased to 12 months to secure a permit and commence the work and 24 months to complete the work, unless approved differently under conditions attached by the Board.

(2) Should the appellant or applicant fail to obtain the necessary permit or commence and complete the work within the approved period of time, or should the applicant fail to obtain an extension, it shall be conclusively presumed that the appellant or applicant has waived, withdrawn or abandoned his appeal or his application, and all approvals, variances, special exceptions, and permits granted to him shall be deemed automatically rescinded by the Board.

§ 340-121 Board's functions.

[Amended 2-19-1997 by Ord. No. 175]

The Zoning Hearing Board shall have the exclusive jurisdiction to hear and render decisions in the following matters:

A. Substantive challenges to the validity of this chapter, except those brought before the Board of Supervisors pursuant to § 340-130E of this chapter.

(1) If a challenge heard by a Zoning Hearing Board is found to have merit, the decision of the Zoning Hearing Board shall include recommended amendments to the challenged ordinance which will cure the defects found. In reaching its decision, the Zoning Hearing Board shall consider the amendments, plans and explanatory material submitted by the landowner and shall also consider:

(a) The impact of the proposal upon roads, sewer facilities, water supplies, schools and other public service facilities.

(b) If the proposal is for a residential use, the impact of the proposal upon regional housing needs and the effectiveness of the proposal in providing housing units of a type actually available to and affordable by classes of persons otherwise unlawfully excluded by the challenged provisions of this chapter or Zoning Map.[1]

[1] Editor's Note: The Zoning Map is on file in the Township offices.

(c) The suitability of the site for the intensity of use proposed by the site's soils, slopes, woodland, wetlands, floodplains, aquifers, natural resources and other natural features.

(d) The impact of the proposed use on the site's soils, slopes, woodlands, wetlands, floodplains, natural resources and natural features, the degree to which these are protected or destroyed, the tolerance of the resources to development and any adverse environmental impacts.

(e) The impact of the proposal on the preservation of agriculture and other land uses which are essential to public health and welfare.

(2) Public notice of the hearing shall be provided as specified in § 340-130B(2)(b) of this chapter.

(3) The Zoning Hearing Board shall commence its hearings within 60 days after the request is filed unless the landowner requests or consents to an extension of time.

(4) The Zoning Hearing Board shall render its decision within 45 days after the conclusion of the last hearing. If the Board fails to act on the landowner's request within this time limit, a denial of the request is deemed to have occurred on the 46th day after the close of the last hearing.

B. Challenges to the validity of this chapter, raising procedural questions or alleged defects in the process of enactment or adoption which challenges shall be raised by an appeal taken within 30 days after the effective date of the ordinance.

C. Special exceptions, as provided for in this chapter and subject to all applicable requirements including, but not limited to:

(1) Filing requirements. In addition to the required zoning permit information (see § 340-128) each special exception application shall include the following:

(a) Ground floor plans and elevations of proposed structures.

(b) Names and address of adjoining property owners including properties directly across a public right-of-way.

(c) A scaled drawing (site plan) of the site with sufficient detail and accuracy to demonstrate compliance with all applicable provisions of this chapter.

(d) A written description of the proposed use in sufficient detail to demonstrate compliance with all applicable provisions of this chapter.

(e) Identify all applications which the applicant has filed with the Zoning Hearing Board within the past 18 months.

(f) Identify all applications relating to the property which is the subject of this application which have been filed with the Zoning Hearing Board with the past 18 months.

(2) General criteria. Each applicant must demonstrate compliance with the following:

(a) The proposed use shall be consistent with the purpose and intent of this chapter.

(b) The proposed use shall not detract from the use and enjoyment of adjoining or nearby properties.

(c) The proposed use will not substantially change the character of the subject property's neighborhood.

(d) Adequate public facilities are available to serve the proposed use (e.g., schools, fire, police and ambulance protection, sewer, water and other utilities, vehicular access, etc.).

(e) For development within the Floodplain Zone, that the application complies with those requirements listed in § 340-22 of this chapter.

(f) The proposed use shall comply with those criteria specifically listed in Article IV of this chapter. In addition, the proposed use must comply with all other applicable regulations contained in this chapter.

(g) The proposed use will not substantially impair the integrity of the Township's Comprehensive Plan.

(3) Conditions. The Zoning Hearing Board, in approving special exception applications, may attach conditions considered necessary to protect the public welfare and the purposes listed above, including conditions which are more restrictive than those established for other uses in the same zone. These conditions shall be enforceable by the Zoning Officer and failure to comply with such conditions shall constitute a violation of this chapter and be subject to the penalties described in Article VII.

(4) Site plan approval. Any site plan presented in support of the special exception pursuant to § 340-121C(1)(a) shall become an official part of the record for said special exception. Approval of any special exception will also bind the use in accordance with the submitted site plan; therefore, should a change in the site plan be required as part of the approval of the use, the applicant shall revise the site plan prior to the issuance of a zoning permit. Any subsequent change to the use on the subject property not reflected on the originally approved site plan shall require the obtainment of another special exception approval.

D. Variances. The Board shall hear requests for variances where it is alleged that the provisions of this chapter inflict unnecessary hardship upon the applicant. The Board may, by rule, prescribe the form of application to the Zoning Officer. The Board may grant a variance, provided that all of the following findings are made where relevant in a given case:

(1) That there are unique physical circumstances or conditions, including irregularity, narrowness or shallowness of lot size or shape, or exceptional topographical or other physical conditions peculiar to the particular property and that the unnecessary hardship is due to such conditions, and not the circumstances or conditions generally created by the provisions of this chapter in the neighborhood or zone in which the property is located.

(2) That because of such physical circumstances or conditions, there is no possibility that the property can be developed in strict conformity with the provisions of this chapter and that the authorization of a variance is therefore necessary to enable reasonable use of the property.

(3) That such unnecessary hardship has not been created by the appellant.

(4) That the variance, if authorized, will not alter the essential character of the zone or neighborhood in which the property is located, nor substantially or permanently impair the appropriate use or development of adjacent property, nor be detrimental to the public welfare.

(5) That the variance, if authorized, will represent the minimum variance that will afford relief and will represent the least modification possible of the regulations in issue.

(6) That variances within the Floodplain Zone shall comply with § 340-22 of this chapter.

(7) In granting any variance, the Board may attach such reasonable conditions and safeguards as it may deem necessary to implement the purposes of this chapter. These conditions shall be enforceable by the Zoning Officer and failure to comply with such conditions shall constitute a violation of this chapter and subject to the penalties described in Article VII.

(8) Filing requirements. In addition to the required zoning permit information (see § 340-128), each variance application shall include the following:

(a) Ground floor plans and elevations of existing and/or proposed structures.

(b) Names and addresses of adjoining property owners, including properties directly across a public right-of-way.

(c) A scaled drawing (site plan) of the site with sufficient detail and accuracy to demonstrate compliance with all applicable provisions of this chapter.

(d) A written description of the proposed use in sufficient detail to demonstrate compliance with all applicable provisions of this chapter.

(e) Identify all applications which the applicant has filed with the Zoning Hearing Board within the past 18 months.

(f) Identify all applications relating to the property which is the subject of this application which have been filed with the Zoning Hearing Board within the past 18 months.

(9) Conditions. The Zoning Hearing Board, in approving variance applications, may attach conditions considered necessary to protect the public welfare and the purposes listed above, including conditions which are more restrictive than those established for other uses in the same zone. These conditions shall be enforceable by the Zoning Officer and failure to comply with such conditions shall constitute a violation of this chapter and be subject to the penalties described in Article VII.

(10) Site plan approval. Any site plan presented in support of a variance shall become an official part of the record for said variance. Approval of any variance will also bind the use in accordance with the submitted site plan.

E. Appeals from the determination of the Zoning Officer including, but not limited to, the granting or denial of any permit, or failure to act on the application therefor, the issuance of any cease and desist order or the registration or refusal to register any nonconforming use, structure or lot.

F. Appeals from a determination by a Township Engineer or the Zoning Officer with reference to the administration of any provisions contained within the Floodplain Zone.

G. Appeals from the determination of any officer or agency charged with the administration of any transfers of development rights or performance density provisions of this chapter.

H. Appeals from the Zoning Officer's determination under § 916.2 (and any subsequent amendments) of the Act.

I. Appeals from the determination of the Zoning Officer or Township Engineer in the administration of any land use ordinance with reference to sedimentation and erosion control, and/or stormwater management for applications not involving a subdivision/land development, nor a planned residential development as regulated in Articles V and VII of the Act, respectively.

§ 340-122 Parties appellant before Board.

Appeals under § 340-121D(5), (6), (7), (8) and (9) and proceedings to challenge this chapter under § 340-121A and B may be filed with the Board in writing by the landowner affected, any officer or agency of the Township, or any person aggrieved. Requests for a variance under § 340-121D and for special exception under § 340-121C may be filed with the Board by any landowner or any tenant with the permission of such landowner. Any appeal shall state:

A. The name and address of the appellant and applicant.

B. The name and address of the landowner of the real estate to be affected.

C. A brief description and location of the real estate to be affected by such proposed change together with a plot plan drawn to scale with sufficient clarity to show the nature and character of the request.

D. A statement of the present zoning classification of the real estate in question, the improvements thereon, and the present use thereof.

E. A statement of the section of this chapter under which the request may be allowed, and reasons why it should, or should not, be granted.

§ 340-123 Time limitations.

No person shall be allowed to file any proceeding with the Board later than 30 days after an application for development, preliminary or final, has been approved by the Zoning Officer or the agency responsible for granting such approval if such proceeding is designed to secure reversal or to limit the approval in any manner unless such person alleges and proves that he/she had no notice or knowledge, or reason to believe that such approval had been given. If such person has succeeded to his interest after such approval, he/she shall be bound by the knowledge of his predecessor in interest. The failure of anyone other than the landowner to appeal from an adverse decision by the Zoning Officer on a challenge to the validity of this chapter or the Official Zoning Map pursuant to § 916.2. of the Act, as amended, shall preclude an appeal from a final approval except in the case where the final submission substantially deviates from the approved tentative preliminary approval.

§ 340-124 Stay of proceedings.

A. Upon filing of any proceeding referred to in § 340-122 and during its pendency before the Board, all land development pursuant to any challenged ordinance, order or approval of the Zoning Officer or of any agency or body, and all official action thereunder, shall be stayed unless the Zoning Officer or any other appropriate agency or body certifies to the Board facts indicating that such stay would cause imminent peril to life or property, in which case, the development or official action shall not be stayed otherwise than by a restraining order, which may be granted by the Board or by the court having jurisdiction of zoning appeals on petition after notice to the Zoning Officer or other appropriate agency or body. When an application for development, preliminary or final, has been duly approved and proceedings designed to reverse or limit the approval are filed with the Board by persons other than the applicant, the applicant may petition the court having jurisdiction of zoning appeals to order such persons to post bond as a condition to continuing the proceedings before the Board. After the petition is presented, the court shall hold a hearing to determine if the filing of the appeal is frivolous. At the hearing evidence may be presented on the merits of the case. It shall be the burden of the applicant for a bond to prove the appeal is frivolous. After consideration of all evidence presented, if the court determines that the appeal is frivolous it shall grant the petition for a bond. The right to petition the court to order the appellants to post bond may be waived by the appellee but such waiver may be revoked by him/her if an appeal is taken from a final decision of the court. The question whether or not such petition should be granted and the amount of the bond shall be within the sound discretion of the court. An order denying a petition for bond shall be interlocutory. An order directing the responding party to post a bond shall be interlocutory.

B. If an appeal is taken by a respondent to the petition for a bond from an order of the court dismissing a zoning appeal for refusal to post a bond and the appellate court sustains the order of the court below to post a bond, the respondent to the petition for a bond, upon motion of the petitioner and after hearing in the court having jurisdiction of zoning appeals, shall be liable for all reasonable costs, expenses and attorney fees incurred by the petitioner.

§ 340-125 Appeal.

Any person, taxpayer or the Township aggrieved by any decision of the Board may, within 30 days after such decision of the Board, seek review by the Court of Common Pleas of such decision in the manner provided by the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Article X-A of the Act, as amended.

§ 340-126 Multiple and pending applications.

[Added 2-19-1997 by Ord. No. 175]

A. Legislative intent. The consideration of multiple applications for a single property at the same time creates substantial additional administrative work for the Township staff and the volunteer members of the Zoning Hearing Board. The Township staff must maintain multiple files with differing time limits within which the Zoning Hearing Board is required to schedule hearings and render decisions. The Township staff and the Zoning Hearing Board must also insure that each submission, letter or other document is properly included in the record of one or more of the multiple application files, as appropriate. Documents which cannot be easily reproduced, such as plans or documents which are bulky, must be cross-referenced. The Township incurs costs to store plans and other documentation associated with an application, which are increased by having to retain copies in each file and to cross-reference each application. The costs to the Township which arise from multiple applications at one time relating to a single property are greater than the Township's costs to administer single applications for various properties.

B. Application fee. In recognition of the increased costs to the Township to process multiple applications for a single property, the application fee as established by ordinance or resolution of the Board of Supervisors shall be doubled for any second or subsequent application to the Zoning Hearing Board under the following circumstances:

(1) Where an applicant files an application for a property while an application is pending before the Zoning Hearing Board for the same property.

(2) Where an applicant files an application for a special exception to the Zoning Hearing Board under the same section of this chapter within one year of the date of a final decision on an application for a special exception under the same section of this chapter for the same property.

C. Number of applications which may be pending. No more than one application for the same property shall be pending before the Zoning Hearing Board at any time. If an applicant files a second or subsequent application with the Zoning Hearing Board while an application for the same property is pending, the Zoning Hearing Board shall schedule a hearing for the second or subsequent application as required by the MPC and may deny the second or subsequent application for violation of this section unless that applicant has, in writing, withdrawn the application for the property which was pending on the date the second or subsequent application was filed.

D. Reconsideration. After the Zoning Hearing Board has rendered a decision or after a court of competent jurisdiction has rendered a final determination upon an appeal from a decision of the Zoning Hearing Board on an application for a special exception, the applicant, his successors and assigns, shall not be permitted to file an application for a special exception under the same section of this chapter for a period of one year from the date of the decision of the Zoning Hearing Board or order of the court, whichever is later. Any reapplication for a special exception under the same section of this chapter shall be considered a request for a reconsideration of the Zoning Hearing Board's decision. The Zoning Hearing Board does not have jurisdiction to reconsider a decision. If an applicant files an application for such a reconsideration, whether or not the applicant terms his application a request for reconsideration, the Zoning Hearing Board shall schedule a hearing on the application for reconsideration in accordance with the requirements of the MPC and may deny the application for violation of this section and because the Zoning Hearing Board does not have such jurisdiction under MPC § 909.1(a). Nothing contained herein shall prevent the Zoning Hearing Board from denying an application for a special exception, application for a variance, challenge to the validity of this chapter or appeal from a determination of the Zoning Officer based upon res judicata, collateral estoppel or other concepts of issue preclusion.