Before placing any base material in a street, all underground
work must first have been installed (including customer services and
laterals) and tested for leaks, as applicable in the presence of a
representative of the Township. No backfilling of trenches or other
backfilling shall be performed except in the presence of a representative
of the Township. Copies of all material slips shall be provided to
Township inspectors or representatives daily.
A.
All contractors and land developers shall comply with Pennsylvania
Act 38, "Underground Utilities," prior to commencement of any work.
Proof of notification shall be provided to the Township in the form
of a PA One-Call transaction number and evidence of response from
the utility companies.
B.
All openings, excavations, restorations and other similar operations
within the Township, county or state rights-of-way will be permitted
only after proper issuance of a Township road opening permit and the
payment of any fees as required in the permit.
C.
Before any construction has commenced for any site, a preconstruction
meeting shall be conducted at the Hatfield Township Municipal Building
with the developer, builder, applicable site subcontractors, zoning/building
official, Township Manager, Township Engineer, inspectors and other
persons deemed necessary by the Township.
A.
Codes. All work shall be performed in accordance with the latest
editions of the applicable parts of the following codes except as
herein qualified:
B.
Dimensions. The sides of trenches and other excavations shall be
cut to the minimum dimension adequate to perform the work and in a
manner to provide safe working area within the applicable laws.
C.
Rock. Rock excavation shall be accomplished by drilling and wedging
or blasting as permitted. Rock shall be fully taken out at least 25
feet in advance of pipelaying and to a depth at least eight inches
below the bottom of bedding for pipe. Rock excavation for structures
shall be removed to the bottom of concrete.
D.
Blasting. Blasting for excavation shall be permitted only after securing
the written permission of the Township. Appropriate insurance in amounts
specified by the Township shall be provided prior to any blasting.
The Township reserves the right to regulate the time of blasting and
all protective measures required for safety. The type, strength of
explosives used, and storage facilities shall also be approved by
the Township. All handling of explosives and blasting operations shall
be done by workmen licensed for this work.
E.
Shoring. Excavation for pipe and structures shall be properly and
adequately shored at all times. When directed by the Township, tight
wood sheeting (approved steel sheeting optional) shall be installed
for the protection of the workmen, property and the work. Voids found
behind sheeting shall be immediately filled with granular material
and compacted. Sheeting left in place, if so permitted by the Township,
shall be cut off approximately two feet below groundwater.
F.
Over excavation. Should the excavation be inadvertently cut to a
depth greater than required by the plans or should the Engineer require
greater depth to remove unsuitable material, backfilling to the proper
grade shall be done with Form 408 No. 1 screenings or Form 408 2A
material as the situation requires.
G.
Storage of excavated materials.
(1)
The contractor shall classify, separate and store materials as may
be required for reuse in backfilling, repaving or replacing topsoil.
If he prefers not to separate surface materials, he shall furnish
replacement materials of equal quantity and quality as directed to
replace the displaced material.
(2)
Excavated material shall be placed outside Township rights-of-way
and in a fashion so as not to interfere with traffic on the streets
and driveways in an unreasonable manner. All surplus excavated material
shall be removed from the site of the work and disposed of, but none
shall be deposited on private property until written consent of the
owner has been obtained and a copy filed with the Township.
H.
Maintaining traffic on existing streets. Vehicular traffic lanes
on existing streets shall be kept open at all times in accordance
with applicable work zone protection standards. Signs, barricades,
fences, and other protective devices as may be required shall be installed
and maintained.
I.
Tracking mud. Only approved equipment shall be permitted for transporting
loose or wet materials. Vehicle tires shall be cleaned prior to leaving
the job site as necessary to prevent the tracking of mud or dust in
the existing public travel way. Any mud, debris or other materials
inadvertently left in the right-of-way shall be immediately cleared
from the roadway in accordance with Township ordinances.
J.
Backfilling.
(1)
Materials for backfilling of existing public streets shall be PennDOT
Form 408 2A stone, or equal, as determined by the Township. All backfill
material shall meet the approval of the Township Engineer. Any variations
of this shall be approved by the Board of Commissioners and the Township
Engineer.
(2)
Materials for backfilling of streets under construction in general
shall include the materials of the excavation, except backfill material
shall not include topsoil, roots or other organic material, cinders,
trash, stone six inches in largest dimension, frozen or excessively
wet earth. Backfill material may include crushed stone. All backfill
material shall meet the approval of the Engineer. Two A (2A) stone
shall be required to be placed in all trenches.
(3)
Placing and compacting. All pipe, including water, sanitary and storm
sewer and driveway pipe, shall be bedded in minimum four inches of
Form 408 No. 2B stone. After the pipe is placed and tested as may
be required and when approved by the Township, backfill material consisting
of Form 408 2A stone shall be placed to a height of six inches above
the top of pipe. Thereafter, earth backfill shall be placed in loose
layers not exceeding six inches and thoroughly compacted with a mechanical
tamper approved by the engineer. Hydrohammers may be used only with
prior permission of the Township. Backfilling around manholes, inlets,
and other structures shall consist in placing approved materials in
loose eight-inch layers and thoroughly mechanically compacting. Hand
compacting and compacting by driving vehicles over the fill areas
will not be approved.
(4)
Restoration of existing streets. Backfilling of excavations within
the cartway of an existing street shall be made in accordance with
the specifications of the Hatfield Township road opening permit. Normally
this elevation will be 11 inches below the top of the finished road
surface. Then the edges of the existing macadam surrounding the excavation
shall be square cut to a straight line, two inches of Form 408 No.
1 stone shall then be placed in the excavation and No. 4 stone to
a compacted thickness of four inches installed. This stone shall then
have No. 1 stone broomed in. The balance of the No. 4 stone base shall
then be placed and compacted and No. 1 stone broomed in. Thereafter
Form 408 ID-2A macadam shall be placed 1 1/2 inches of binder
and one-inch wearing course. In place of the No. 4 stone base, the
Township may require the placing of a concrete base eight inches thick
and two feet wider than the trench. In certain cases, bituminous concrete
base asphalt, or high early strength concrete, the thickness of which
shall be determined by the Engineer, may be placed. In the case where
the excavation is in the road shoulder, Form 408 "stabilized" shoulders
may be required. When the excavation is in the gutter line, the gutter
shall be paved with ID-2 binder as required by the Engineer.
(5)
All fill material must be approved by the Township Engineer. Any
material placed on a site without the Township Engineer's approval
must be removed at no cost to the Township.
K.
Tunneling and jacking.
(1)
All methods of tunneling or jacking shall be approved by the Engineer
and conform to PennDOT Form 408. Tunnels shall be of sufficient size
to allow proper pipe installation. Tunnels shall be timbered to the
extent necessary as directed by the Engineer.
(2)
Where rock is encountered in a tunnel, it shall be removed to the
lines prescribed by the Engineer.
(3)
Tunnel sections shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted
by ramming and tamping from each end or grouted to provide proper
stabilization.
(4)
Pipes utilized as a sleeve or tunnel shall be demonstrated to be
adequate to convey the material and live loads as well as function
to convey the water, stormwater, sewage or other material.
L.
Dewatering.
(1)
All excavations shall be kept free of water during construction of
structures, roads, pipelaying and backfilling operations. Temporary
flumes, channels or pipes shall be used to divert water from the excavation.
(2)
All water from any source shall be pumped or bailed to provide a
dry trench and shall be discharged in such manner as not to cause
injury to work completed, damage to property, health hazards or impediment
to traffic. In no case shall water be permitted to rise into or flow
through a completed sewer unless permitted by the Township.
M.
Underground utilities and structures. The contractor shall be responsible for locating all existing underground utilities and structures in accordance with § 250-78, above. The contractor shall notify the owner(s) of the underground utilities or structures when any construction or excavation is planned. All utility services encountered shall be supported by timber struts or by other suitable means. Utilities or other structures located transversely across the trench shall be protected from damage or displacement.
N.
Cleanup. Upon the completion of any work described in this or other
sections herein, the area shall be thoroughly cleaned and all dirt,
debris, materials, tools and equipment shall be removed, or hauled
away, all to the satisfaction of the Township. Any paving or concrete
surfaces damaged as a result of the construction shall be restored
to the satisfaction of the Township.
All street construction must conform to the specifications incorporated
in this section and be approved by the Township Engineer prior to
acceptance by the Board of Commissioners. All grades, horizontal curves,
vertical curves, intersections, sight distances and tangents shall
conform to the requirements established by this chapter and demonstrate
good engineering judgment and shall be subject to the approval of
the Township Engineer.
A.
Subbase. The bottom of the excavation and the top of the fill between
the outer limits of the paving or base course, when completed, will
be known as the "subgrade" and shall conform to the lines, grades
and cross sections given. The subgrade for bituminous paving shall
conform to the established line, grade and cross section as approved
by Township. The subgrade shall be solidly compacted to a firm and
unyielding state by rolling with a minimum of ten-ton power vibratory
roller. Unstable or soft areas shall be removed and replaced with
a 2A modified or approved fill and then rerolled as required to provide
a uniform even surface.
(1)
Construction methods. After the excavation or rough grading has been
performed and all drains have been constructed, the subgrade will
be fine graded and shaped to the proper cross section. It shall be
brought to a firm unyielding surface by rolling the entire area with
an approved vibratory power roller having a metal weight of not less
than 10 tons. Solid rock, boulders, soft clay and all spongy materials
which will not consolidate under the roller shall be removed from
the subgrade to a depth to be determined by the Township Engineer
or his field inspector. The space shall be filled with 2A modified
or approved material from the excavation and the subgrade rerolled
until it presents a smooth and firm surface of the proper shape and
cross section. Maximum deviation shall not exceed 1/2 of an inch for
the height and location of the crown.
(2)
Material. Subbase shall be constructed of approved fill or 2A material
in accordance with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Form
408, § 350.
(3)
Compaction, where required by the Township, compaction testing results,
certified by a Pennsylvania Department of Transportation approved
laboratory shall be submitted indicating subbase areas meet or exceed
100% maximum dry weight density for the material. No construction
traffic shall be permitted to use the subbase unless specifically
approved by the Township.
B.
Shoulder. Supporting shoulders shall be constructed on all sections
of projects where a base course or pavement is to be constructed without
concrete curb or other permanent support along the sides. All shoulders
shall be thoroughly compacted and graded to provide drainage from
the bituminous surface and subbase.
(1)
Construction methods. Where concrete curbing is not to be constructed,
shoulders are to be constructed adjacent to the paving of the proposed
road.
(2)
The width and type of construction, grade and construction methods
of these shoulders are to be determined by, or must meet the approval
of, the Township Engineer.
C.
Paving base course. The base course shall be bituminous concrete
base course or crushed aggregate base course if specifically approved
by the Hatfield Township Board of Commissioners and Engineer.
D.
Crushed aggregate base course. When crushed aggregate base course
is used, it shall have a compressed thickness after compaction of
10 inches. Construction for the crushed aggregate base course will
conform with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Form 408
Specification, latest edition, and the Pennsylvania Department of
Transportation, Seldom Used Specifications, Section 310.
(1)
Materials. The materials used and the construction methods shall
meet the requirements of this specification. Type A stone meeting
the requirement as specified in Section 310, Seldom Used Specifications,
of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Form 408, shall
be used.
(2)
Construction methods. The construction methods for the base course
shall comply with the following:
(a)
Before spreading any of the course material, the contractor
or owner shall furnish a sufficient number of grade stakes to represent
the finished grade of the proposed roadway as shown on the drawings.
This shall be done to the satisfaction of the Township Engineer or
his inspector.
(b)
Fine material for initial layer. Prior to placing the course
material, a layer of fine material, as specified, shall be spread
uniformly over the subgrade as a bed filler at a minimum thickness
of two inches.
(c)
Spreading the course material. The crushed stone shall be placed
in two four-inch layers and spread uniformly on the prepared subgrade
so as to distribute the material to the required depth for the full
width of the base, unless otherwise specified for part-width construction.
Each course shall be thoroughly screened and rolled. This material
shall not be placed on a wet and frozen subgrade. No material shall
be placed without first obtaining the consent of the Township Engineer
or his inspector. Not more than an average day's work shall be
placed in advance of filling or rolling.
(d)
Rolling course material. The course material shall be compacted
by rolling with a vibratory power roller having a metal weight of
not less than 10 tons. The rolling shall begin at the sides and progress
to the center, except on superelevated curves where the rolling shall
begin on the low side and progress to the high side. The rolling shall
be parallel to the center line of the roadway, uniformly lapping each
preceding track and covering the entire surface with the rear wheels,
and continuing until the material does not creep or wave ahead of
the roller wheels. Areas of the base inaccessible to the roller shall
be satisfactorily compacted by means of approved tampers. The base
course shall be compacted to insure no movement in the base.
(e)
Application of fine material. The fine material generally shall
be cast or spread in a series of thin applications, parallel with
the roadway. If spread by hand, the spreading shall be performed with
a sweeping motion of a square-pointed shovel alternately in opposite
directions, this process being continued until no more material can
be forced into the voids. Hand brooms shall be used to spread the
material over the surface, to insure even distribution and filling
of all voids in the course material. All excess filler material forming
in piles or cakes upon the surface shall be loosened and scattered.
The rolling of the surface shall be continued during the process of
spreading the filler material and shall be as specified for rolling
the course material. Additional filler shall be applied where necessary
to fill the voids and the rolling continued until the base course
is thoroughly compacted and firmly set. The quantity of filler material
necessary shall be determined by the Township Engineer or his inspector.
After the completion of the application and rolling of dry screening,
the surface shall be sprinkled with water and rolled. If, at any time,
subgrade material should become churned up or mixed with the base
course materials, the contractor shall dig out and remove the mixture,
reshape and compact the subgrade, and replace the materials removed
with clean materials, which shall be filled and rolled until compacted
satisfactorily.
E.
Bituminous concrete base course. When bituminous concrete base course is used, it shall have a compressed thickness after compaction as indicated on the design drawings. Construction for the bituminous concrete base course will conform with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Form 408 Specifications, § 401, latest edition, and Subsection F below.
(1)
Materials. Materials meeting the requirements as specified in § 401.2
of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Form 408 Specifications,
shall be used.
F.
Bituminous binder course ID-2. This course shall consist of hot-mixed,
hot-laid asphaltic concrete, constructed on a prepared base course.
The bituminous binder course shall have a total thickness, after final
compaction, as specified in the plans or by the Township Engineer,
but in no case shall be less than two inches after compaction. All
street pavement cross sections, except where superelevated for curves,
will be a minimum slope from the center of the road to the gutter
of a minimum of 1/4 inch per foot to a maximum of 3/8 inch per foot.
(1)
Materials. The materials shall conform with the requirements as given
in § 401.2 of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation,
Form 408 Specifications, latest edition.
(2)
Construction methods. The surface course shall be Type ID-2 as specified
in Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Specifications, Form
408, § 401.3, latest edition, and shall be applied in strict
accordance therewith.
(3)
No visible moisture shall be present prior to the laying of each
course. Road surface temperature shall be 50° F. or greater, with
the temperature rising. Conditions of wind, time of day, humidity
and distance from supplier may be considered by the Township prior
to the allowing of paving to proceed. All bituminous surface courses
shall have a total thickness after compression of two inches. All
street pavement cross sections, except where superelevated for curves,
will be a minimum slope from the center of the road to the gutter
of a minimum of 1/4 inch per foot to a maximum of 3/8 inch per foot.
(4)
Copies of all material slips shall be provided to the Township Engineer
prior to request for escrow release and payment.
(5)
Core testing. If so required by the Township Engineer, core tests
of a diameter of six inches shall be drilled at locations designated
by the Township. One sample from each day's paving shall be tested
to meet plant-mix formula, density, thickness, specific gravity and
percent voids.
(6)
Bituminous pavers. Use self-contained power-propelled units in accordance
with Section 401.3d of a size and type equal to or exceeding a Barber
Greene No. 235. Any paving machines shall be capable of paving streets
up to 40 feet wide in two passes.
G.
Bituminous wearing course, ID-2. This wearing course shall consist
of a hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous concrete constructed on a bituminous
binder or bituminous concrete base course. The bituminous wearing
course shall have a minimum thickness of one inch after compaction
or more if required on design drawings. All street pavement cross
sections shall, except where superelevated for curves, have a minimum
slope from the center of the road of 1/4 inch per foot to a maximum
3/8 inch per foot.
(1)
Materials. The materials shall conform with the requirements of the
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Form 408, § 401.2,
as revised.
(2)
Construction methods. The wearing course shall be Type ID-2 wearing
as specified in the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Form
408, § 401.2, as revised, and shall be applied in strict
accordance therewith.
(3)
No visible moisture shall be present prior to the laying of each
course. Road surface temperature shall be 50° F. or greater, with
the temperature rising. Conditions of wind, time of day, humidity
and distance from supplier may be considered by the Township prior
to the allowing of paving to proceed. All bituminous wearing courses
shall have a total thickness after compression of one inch. All street
pavement cross sections, except where superelevated for curves, will
have a minimum slope from the center of the road to the gutter of
a minimum of 1/4 inch per foot to a maximum of 3/8 inch per foot.
(4)
Copies of all material slips shall be provided to the Township Engineer
prior to request for escrow release and payment.
(5)
Core testing. If so required by the Township Engineer, core tests
of a diameter of six inches shall be drilled at locations designated
by the Township. One sample from each day's paving shall be tested
to meet plant-mix formula, density, thickness, specific gravity and
percent voids.
(6)
Bituminous pavers. Use self-contained power-propelled units in accordance
with Section 401.3d of a size and type equal to or exceeding a Barber
Greene No. 235. Any paving machines shall be capable of paving streets
up to 40 feet wide in two passes.
(7)
The bituminous wearing course may not be placed between the dates
of October 1 and May 1 except as expressly permitted by the Township.
(8)
If more than seven days have passed between installation of pavement
layers (BCBC to ID-2 Binder or ID-2 Binder to ID-2 Wearing) or if
job conditions warrant, as determined by the Township Engineer, a
tack coat shall be applied in accordance with the Pennsylvania Department
of Transportation, Form 408, § 460.
Curb construction shall conform to PennDOT Form 408, § 630.
B.
Construction methods.
(1)
Preparation of foundation. The material upon which the curb is to
be constructed shall be compacted to a firm, even surface.
(2)
Forms. Forms for the curb shall be set to the lines and grades shown
on the plans, staked to resist the pressure of the concrete without
springing and in a manner to resist settlement or displacement. These
forms shall be of a depth equal to the depth of the curb, designed
to permit secure fastening of the face and back forms at the top.
These fastenings shall be constructed in a manner that will not obstruct
satisfactory finishing and edging of the top of the curb but will
permit removal of the inside face of forms. The outside or back forms
shall be straight from top to bottom. The inside of the face forms
shall have a batter from the top to bottom of curb as indicated on
the drawings. Steel template 1/8 inch in thickness, or the width of
the curb, and not less than 24 inches long shall be used to separate
adjacent sections. All forms and templates will be thoroughly cleaned
and treated with an approved material, before each use, to prevent
concrete from adhering thereto.
C.
Placing and finishing concrete. The concrete shall be placed in the
forms in horizontal layers not to exceed five inches and spaced sufficiently
to eliminate all voids. The curb shall be depressed as indicated or
directed. The top surface of the curb shall be finished true to line
and grade in a smooth, neat, even manner by means of wood floats.
The edges of the face and back shall be rounded to a radius of one
inch and 1/2 inch, respectively, while the concrete is still plastic.
D.
Joints. Joints shall be constructed in accordance with § 630.3(e).
The curbline shall be constructed in uniform lengths or sections of
10 feet, except where shorter sections are necessary for closures
or curves, but no section shall be less than five feet. Premolded
expansion joints 3/4 inch in thickness and cut to conform to the cross
section of the curb shall be placed at the ends of sections of curved
curb and at intervals of not more than 30 feet. Intermediate saw joints,
3/16 inch wide and two inches deep, shall be placed every 10 feet.
E.
Removal of forms. The forms shall not be removed within 48 hours
after the concrete has been placed. No rubbing to correct irregularities
will be permitted until the full curing time has elapsed. Any irregular
surface shall be corrected by rubbing with carborundum stone. Brush
finishing or plastering will not be permitted, and all rejected curb
shall be promptly removed and replaced at no expense to the owner.
All joints in the curb shall be opened from the top to bottom immediately
after the forms are removed; minor defects shall be filled with mortar
composed of one part cement and two parts fine aggregate.
F.
Curing. The curb shall be protected and cured by methods approved
by the Engineer.
G.
Curb at driveways shall be barricaded from any vehicular traffic
for seven days after placing concrete.
H.
Reinforcing. Curbs at driveway sections shall be 22 inches in depth
and reinforced with two No. 4 rebars as directed by the Township.
B.
Construction methods.
(1)
Preparation of foundation. The foundation shall be formed at a depth
of eight inches below and parallel with the finished surface of the
sidewalks and at a depth of 14 inches below and parallel with the
finished surface of the driveway, unless otherwise indicated on the
drawings or specified. Unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced
with acceptable material, and the final prepared subbase shall be
thoroughly compacted and finished to a firm even surface 2B stone
to a compacted thickness of four inches shall be placed under all
walks and driveways.
(2)
Forms. Forms shall be of wood or metal, straight, and of sufficient
strength when staked to resist the pressure of the concrete without
springing. If of wood, they may be two inches by four inches or two
inches by 10 inches for sidewalks and driveway, respectively, surfaced
on the inside and the top; or if metal, they shall be of approved
sections. Forms shall be thoroughly cleaned and oiled before concrete
is placed against them.
(3)
Joints. Sidewalks shall be constructed in separate slabs 30 feet
in length except for closures. These slabs shall be separated by transverse
premolded expansion joints, 1/4 inch in thickness, for the full depth
of the concrete. Transverse premolded expansion joints shall also
be placed adjacent to driveways and structures where directed. The
slabs between expansion joints shall be divided into blocks five feet
in length, by scoring transversely. Driveway apron joints shall conform
to the detail shown on the drawings. All scoring shall extend to a
depth of at least 1/4 inch thickness of the concrete slabs.
(4)
Placing concrete. Before any concrete is placed, each section of
the subgrade shall be checked and approved by the Engineer. Concrete
shall be placed only on a moist subgrade. Concrete shall be deposited
on the subgrade without segregation of materials and shall be spread
by approved methods to the required depth. The concrete along the
forms and transverse joints shall be thoroughly spaded. Driveways
shall be 10 inches (full) thick from the curb to the back of the sidewalk.
Sidewalks shall be of four inches thick-full dimension.
(5)
Finishing. The concrete, as soon as placed, shall be accurately struck
off and screened to the cross section shown on the drawings. Necessary
hand finishing of joints and surface irregularities shall be performed
from approved bridges which shall not rest on any concrete that has
not attained the required strength. The surface shall be given a granular
finish by rubbing with a wooden float and without adding cement to
the surface. An edge having a one-fourth-inch radius shall be used
for edging all joints. The concrete shall be protected and cured by
methods approved by the Engineer.
(6)
Removal of forms. Side forms shall not be removed within 24 hours
after the concrete has been placed. After removal of the forms, minor
honeycombed areas shall be filled with mortar composed of one part
cement and two parts fine aggregate. Major honeycombed areas will
be considered as defective work and shall be removed and replaced.
(7)
Driveways shall be barricaded from any vehicular traffic for seven
days after pouring the concrete.
B.
Construction methods.
(1)
Preparation of foundation. The foundation shall be formed at a depth
of eight inches below and parallel with the finished surface of the
sidewalks and at a depth of 14 inches below and parallel with the
finished surface of the driveway, unless otherwise indicated on the
drawings or specified. Unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced
with acceptable material, and the final prepared subbase shall be
thoroughly compacted and finished to a firm, even surface 2B stone
to a compacted thickness of four inches shall be placed under all
walks and driveways.[1]
[1]
Editor's Note: So in original.
(2)
Forms. Forms shall be of wood or metal, straight, and of sufficient
strength when staked to resist the pressure of the concrete without
springing. If of wood, they may be two inches by four inches or two
inches by 10 inches for sidewalks and driveway, respectively, surfaced
on the inside and the top; or if metal, they shall be of approved
sections. Forms shall be thoroughly cleaned and oiled before concrete
is placed against them.
(3)
Joints. Sidewalks shall be constructed in separate slabs 30 feet
in length except for closures. These slabs shall be separated by transverse
premolded expansion joints, 1/4 inch in thickness, for the full depth
of the concrete. Transverse premolded expansion joints shall also
be placed adjacent to driveways and structures where directed. The
slabs between expansion joints shall be divided into blocks five feet
in length, by scoring transversely. Driveway apron joints shall conform
to the detail shown on the drawings. All scoring shall extend to a
depth of at least 1/4 inch thickness of the concrete slabs.
(4)
Placing concrete. Before any concrete is placed, each section of
the subgrade shall be checked and approved by the Engineer. Concrete
shall be placed only on a moist subgrade. Concrete shall be deposited
on the subgrade without segregation of materials and shall be spread
by approved methods to the required depth. The concrete along the
forms and transverse joints shall be thoroughly spaded. Driveways
shall be 10 inches (full) thick from the curb to the back of the sidewalk.
Sidewalks shall be of four inches thick-full dimension.
(5)
Finishing. The concrete, as soon as placed, shall be accurately struck
off and screened to the cross section shown on the drawings. Necessary
hand finishing of joints and surface irregularities shall be performed
from approved bridges which shall not rest on any concrete that has
not attained the required strength. The surface shall be given a granular
finish by rubbing with a wooden float and without adding cement to
the surface. An edge having a one-fourth-inch radius shall be used
for edging all joints. The concrete shall be protected and cured by
methods approved by the Engineer.
(6)
Removal of forms. Side forms shall not be removed within 24 hours
after the concrete has been placed. After removal of the forms, minor
honeycombed areas shall be filled with mortar composed of one part
cement and two parts fine aggregate. Major honeycombed areas will
be considered as defective work and shall be removed and replaced.
(7)
Driveways shall be barricaded from any vehicular traffic for seven
days after pouring the concrete.
A.
Materials. Materials shall conform with the requirements stated herein
and the latest issued of the following specifications:
(1)
Reinforced concrete pipe: AASHTO Specification M 170 and M 242, per
PennDOT Form 408, § 601. For class of pipe, see Table A.
(2)
Elliptical reinforced cement concrete pipe: AASHTO-M207, per Form
408, § 601.2(a).
(3)
Nonreinforced concrete pipe: AASHTO-M86, per Form 408, § 601.2(a).
(4)
Corrugated polyethylene (PE) culvert pipe: AASHTO-M294, Type C and
Type S, per Form 408, § 601.2(a).
(5)
Precast concrete inlet frames, manhole riser and top sections: ASTM
Specification C-478, or structural steel frames and grates. See PennDOT
Form 408, § 605.
(6)
Brick: AASHTO Designation M-91, grade SS, PennDOT Form 408, § 713.1.
(7)
Manhole frames and covers: PennDOT Form 408, § 1105.02(h).
(8)
Concrete shall be Class A cement concrete and have a minimum compressive
strength of 3,300 psi at 28 days and a maximum slump of four inches.
Coarse aggregate shall be crushed stone (not gravel, unless crushed),
maximum size one inch. Fine aggregate shall be natural or manufactured
sand. All aggregate shall be from sources approved by PennDOT. All
concrete shall have air entrainment within the limits of 3% to 6%.
(a)
Materials. Cement shall be air-entrained portland cement C-175,
conforming to Form 408, § 701. Water shall be potable, clean
and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalies, organic
materials or other deleterious substances. Fine aggregate shall be
natural sand conforming to ASTM C-33 having clean, hard, strong, durable
grains and free from injurious amounts of dust, lumps, soft or flaky
particles, shales, alkali, organic matter, loam or other deleterious
substances. Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed stone conforming
to the requirements of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
and shall be supplied from a currently approved source.
(b)
Mix design. The design of proportion of ingredients for concrete
mix shall be made by the contractor and be approved by the Engineer.
The proportion of ingredients shall meet the minimum requirements
of PennDOT Form 408 for the class of concrete specified. The minimum
strength of each class of concrete after 28 days shall meet the requirements
of the same section.
(c)
Truck mixing. Concrete shall be mixed and transported to the
site in truck mixers as per ASTM C-94 and Form 408, § 704
et seq. All solid materials for the concrete shall be accurately measured
and charged into the drum at the proportioning plant. Only the prescribed
amount of water may be added in the truck water tank, or the mixing
water may be added directly to the bath. The truck may not carry excess
water, thus assuring the design water-cement ration. Mixing shall
continue a minimum of 70 revolutions after all ingredients, including
water, are in the drum. The speed shall not be less than six revolutions
per minute nor more 18 revolutions per minute. No more than 150 revolutions
shall be at a speed in excess of six revolutions per minute. Concrete
transported in the truck's mixer shall be discharged at the job
within 1 1/2 hours after the water has been added to the mixture.
(d)
Placing concrete. Concrete shall be handled from transporting
vehicle to the place of final deposit as rapidly as practicable by
methods which shall prevent the separation or loss of the ingredients.
Under no circumstances shall concrete that has partially hardened
be deposited in the work. Concrete shall be deposited in the forms
nearly as practicable in its final position to avoid rehandling. It
shall be so deposited as to maintain a plastic surface approximately
horizontal. When concrete is conveyed by chutes, the equipment shall
be of such individual chute sections shall have approximately the
same slope. The slope shall be of such as to prevent the segregation
of the ingredients. If the discharge end of the chute is more than
five feet above the surface of the concrete, a spout shall be used,
and the lower end maintained as near the surface of the concrete as
practicable but never more than five feet above. Other methods of
depositing concrete shall have the approval of the Engineer. Before
placing any concrete, the subgrade shall be approved by the Engineer.
Reinforcing shall be thoroughly clean and tied in place. The contractor
shall not pour the concrete in weather below 40° F., unless by
permission of the Engineer, and shall furnish for approval by the
Engineer his procedure for depositing concrete in such weather. No
concrete shall contain any frozen material nor be deposited on any
surface containing frost or frozen material.
(e)
Finishing concrete. The concrete shall be carefully screened
after depositing to assure a smooth surface. The surface shall then
be hand floated to bring the surface to the correct grade without
high spots or pockets. No excess mortar or water may be brought to
the surface during this process.
(f)
Curbing. Concrete surfaces exposed to the atmosphere shall be
protected against too rapid drying, by curing for a minimum period
of seven days. All protections against freezing shall be taken by
the contractor. The curing period shall start immediately following
the pouring of the concrete. Concrete shall be cured by the following
specific applicable methods, subject to the Engineer's approval,
and adherence thereto will be rigidly enforced. Concrete surfaces
shall be kept constantly wet during the period by ponding. Ponding
shall start as soon after placing of the concrete as possible without
damaging the finish. Burlap may be laid and fastened so as to be constantly
in direct contact with the concrete surfaces. It shall be wetted constantly
during the period by sprinkling with fresh water. Layers of reinforced,
waterproof paper may be placed in direct contact with the concrete
surfaces and fastened thereto in an approved manner. The paper shall
be lapped in a minimum of two inches with the seams and other edges
taped or glued. The paper shall consist of two sheets of thirty-pound
No. 1 quality kraft cemented together with asphalt, having a fiber
reinforcement.
(g)
Reinforcing bars. Reinforcing bars shall have a minimum yield
strength of 60,000 psi. They shall conform to ASTM-A615, A616 or A617.
All bars to have rolled in marks identifying the yield strengths or
a certification from the manufacturer will be provided which gives
assurance that the material conforms to ASTM specifications and yield
strength.
(9)
Mortar shall be composed of 2 1/2 parts sand and one part portland
cement by volume and conform to Form 408, § 601.2(c).
(10)
Timber sheeting, bracing and shoring lumber shall be straight
grained, free from cracks, shakes and large loose knots with the minimum
strength equal to E-1, 760,000 and F-1200.
(11)
Steel sheeting shall be the standard and generally accepted
product of a recognized manufacturer and the AISC.
(12)
Manhole steps shall be per PennDOT Form 408, § 605.2(c),
and shall be installed for all structures deeper than five feet.
B.
Construction methods.
(1)
General. All pipe materials shall be unloaded, handled and stored
in conformance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(2)
Bedding. All pipe shall be laid in a four-inch-thick bed of Form
408 No. 2B stone in a trench not to exceed the pipe barrel plus two
feet. When rock or any unyielding material is encountered in the trench,
it shall be excavated for the full trench width and to a minimum depth
of 12 inches below the pipe invert. This extra depth shall be backfilled
to the proper grade with Form 408 2B stone.
(3)
Joints. All concrete pipe shall be laid with full mortared joints.
Mortar shall comply with Form 408, § 601.2(c). No lime shall
be used in the mix. Before succeeding sections of pipe are placed,
the lower half of the joint shall be mortared to assure a full joint
and to assure even alignment between the two pipe sections. After
placing, the outside of the joint shall be mortared full circle. The
inside of the joint shall be mortared full circle, wiped clean and
finished smoothly. The foregoing applies to all sizes of pipe. In
the case of concrete pipe underdrain, mortared joints are to be provided
in the lower half of the pipe only.
(4)
Backfilling. After the pipe is in place and the joints completely
mortared, backfill material consisting of Form 408 No. 1 2A modified
or 2A stone shall be placed to a height of six inches above the outside
bell diameter of the pipe and compacted. Thereafter, earth backfilling
shall be placed in loose layers not exceeding six inches and thoroughly
compacted with a mechanical tamper approved by the Engineer. Compaction
to a 95% to 98% dry density is achieved. This backfilling shall continue
to a height equal to the adjoining earth surface. Earth backfill shall
be approved by the Engineer and shall not contain organic material,
trash, rock over six inches in largest dimension. In lieu of earth
backfill, the contractor may be required to use Pennsylvania Department
of Transportation No. 2A stone placing and compacting in not more
than eight-inch layers.
(5)
Pipes shall be laid true to the grades shown on the drawings. Each
section of pipe shall rest upon the pipe bed for the full length of
its barrel, with recesses excavated to accommodate bells and joints.
Any pipe which has its grade or joints disturbed after laying shall
be taken up and relaid. The pipe sections shall be inspected and the
interior and ends of all pipe shall be cleaned before lowering into
the trench. During construction the contractor shall use all precautions
to keep the sewer clean and clear of debris and free from injury until
finally inspected and accepted. The mouth of the completed sewer pipe
will be properly closed, at all times, with an expanding rubber plug
or approved device, except when pipelaying is in progress.
(6)
Pipelaying shall be done only in the presence of an inspector, and
the contractor shall give a minimum of 24 hours' notice of the time
scheduled for the pipelaying and inspection.
(7)
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the materials furnished or the
methods of installation are not in accordance with the specifications
or generally accepted practices for that type of work, he may order
such work stopped and the materials replaced with suitable alternative.
(8)
Bedding and laying of pipe shall be in accordance with the pipe manufacturer's
recommendations. Pipe joints shall be made in accordance with the
joint manufacturer's recommendations.
(9)
Regardless of its material, all pipe shall be laid on a minimum six-inch
thickness of PennDOT No. 2A modified (or better) stone.
C.
Installation of manholes and inlets.
(1)
The bases for manholes and inlets shall be constructed of concrete
and cast in place. The minimum thickness shall be eight inches but
may be thick enough to be above the OD of the sewer if the contractor
desires. The inlet and outlet pipes shall be set to proper grade,
with their ends flush with the inside of the manhole or inlet prior
to placement of concrete. When casting the base, concrete shall be
placed under the pipes for a minimum of three feet from the manhole
wall or to within six inches of the pipe joint. In manholes a metal
ring for forming the groove to receive the first precast riser section
shall be used. A flow channel conforming to the inside diameter of
the inlet and outlet pipe shall be formed as the base is cast.
(2)
The lowest section may have a precast bottom, in which case it must
be set on a leveling course six inches, minimum thickness, of No.
2B stone.
(3)
All precast sections shall be lifted and moved by use of suitable
lifting slings and lugs to prevent damage to the precast joint edge.
If minor damage occurs to the precast sections, such damage shall
be repaired in the presence of, and to the satisfaction of, the Engineer.
(4)
Pipes entering the precast sections shall be set securely in the
opening provided, to the correct line and grade shown on the drawings
and be grouted to provide a watertight joint. The surfaces to be grouted
shall be thoroughly cleaned before grouting. There shall be at least
1/2 inch clearance between outside of pipe and the manhole opening
to provide for proper grouting.
(5)
Leveling the sections by use of wedging or placing shims will not
be permitted. Manholes shall not be backfilled without the permission
of the Engineer.
(6)
Manholes and inlets shall be constructed as promptly as practical
to coincide with the adjacent sewer pipe construction. If the construction
of manholes is unnecessarily delayed, the Engineer shall have authority
to stop trenching and pipelaying until manholes and inlets are constructed
to complete sections of sewer.
(7)
Precast sections shall be laid in a full pad of portland cement mortar.
(8)
The top of all precast manholes or inlets shall be brought to proper
grade, for receiving manhole and inlet frames, by brick construction
if necessary. No less than two nor more than five courses of brick
will be used for this purpose. All brick shall be laid in full beds
of mortar and shoved into place with full joints no more than 1/2
inch in thickness.
(9)
Brick construction of manholes and inlets shall be performed by experienced
and qualified workmen. The brick walls shall be plastered on the inside
and outside with portland cement mortar 1/2 inch thick.
(10)
Brick work shall not be constructed during cold weather (when
the temperature is below 40° F.), unless necessary precautions
are observed as directed by the Engineer.
D.
Manhole rungs, frames and covers.
(1)
Manhole ladder rungs shall be cast in place in the precast concrete
manhole riser sections. The rungs are to be of gray cast iron as approved
by the Engineer.
(2)
Manhole frames and covers should be made accurately to the pattern
and dimensions specified and shall be furnished with flat true surfaces.
Covers shall fit the frames in any position. The type of frame and
cover to be installed for each manhole shall be specified in the plans.
Identification wording shall be cast into the cover. The frames shall
be set to the correct elevation on a full bed of portland cement mortar.
Sanitary sewer specifications regarding materials, installation,
and testing shall be according to the current standards and specifications
of the Hatfield Township Municipal Authority.
A.
Laboratory tests. The materials listed below require advance and
periodic tests as indicated and shall be sampled in accordance with
the methods of ASTM and as required by the Engineer. All materials
requiring laboratory tests shall be submitted to the Engineer, at
least two weeks prior to starting delivery of such materials to the
project site, to be certified for submission to the testing laboratory.
The laboratory conducting the test shall furnish both the Engineer
and the contractor with two copies of the reports showing result of
such tests, and the report shall be considered as sufficient evidence
of the acceptance or rejection of the quality of materials tested.
The specifications for and the methods of testing will be found under
the detailed specifications for the particular material involved.
All samples shall be properly packed and clearly marked as to source
and intended use.
|
Material
|
Test Frequency
|
Sample Size
| |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Concrete (tests for job concrete)
|
Advance, then each 50 cubic yards
|
4 cylinders per test, 2 broken at 7 days and 2 at 28 days
| |
|
Manhole frame test bar
|
One tensile test on machined bar for each 50 manhole frames
|
Size B test bar
|
B.
Shop test. The materials listed below shall be tested at the shop
or plant of, and by, the producer. Each manufacturer of such materials
shall be equipped to conduct the tests designated herein. The Engineer
shall be furnished with certified records or reports of the results
of all tests. These reports will include a sworn statement that the
tests have been made as specified.
|
Materials
|
Test Method
|
Number of Tests
| |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Cement
|
ASTM C114
|
Chemical analysis, one for each 500 bbls.
| |
|
Reinforced concrete
|
ASTM C76
|
As specified in C76
| |
|
Cast-iron pipe
|
ASTM A377
|
As specified in A377
| |
|
Precast reinforced concrete
|
ASTM C478
|
As specified in C478
|
