A.Â
The contractor shall not open more trench in advance
of pipe laying than is necessary to expedite the work. One hundred
feet shall be the maximum length of open trench permitted on any line
under construction. Except where tunneling, jacking or boring is permitted
by the Township or called for on the drawings, all trench excavation
shall be open cut from the surface.
B.Â
The alignment and grade or elevation of each pipeline
shall be fixed and determined by means of offset stakes or other approved
methods. Vertical and horizontal alignment of pipes and the maximum
joint deflection used in connection therewith shall be in conformity
with the requirements of the specifications covering the installation
of the pipe laid in each case.
C.Â
Trenches for force mains shall be carefully excavated
so that the minimum cover over top of pipe will be 48 inches to existing
street surface, or the future street surface when indicated, and so
that the force main will slope continuously upward to point of discharge,
to air release valves, if any, or to pump station. Greater cover at
some locations along the line may be required due to street or ground
profile and clearance of culverts, structures, utility lines, etc.
Where force mains parallel gravity sewers, a separate trench may be
dug, or a common trench may be dug providing a shelf of solid earth
for the force main to rest on. When passing a manhole, the force main
shall be bowed away from the manhole in a gentle arc not exceeding
allowable deflection limits in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations
or industry standards, whichever is more stringent.
D.Â
Trenches shall be excavated to a width which will
provide adequate working space and pipe clearance for proper installation,
jointing and embedment. The minimum permissible trench widths and
clearances between the installed pipe and either trench wall shall
be as follows:
Pipe Size
(inches)
|
Minimum Trench
Width (inches)
|
Minimum Side Wall
Clearance (inches)
| |
---|---|---|---|
6 or less
|
20
|
6
| |
8
|
22
|
6
| |
10
|
24
|
6
| |
12
|
26
|
6
| |
14
|
29
|
6
| |
16
|
32
|
6
| |
18
|
35
|
6
|
The stipulated minimum clearances are not minimum
average clearances, but are minimum clear distances which will be
permitted between any part of the pipe as laid and any part, projection
or point of rock, shale, stone or boulder.
|
E.Â
The maximum permissible trench widths below an elevation
six inches above the top of the installed pipe shall not exceed the
safe limit for the strength of pipe and class of bedding used. If
so directed, the contractor shall provide evidence to the satisfaction
of the Township Inspector that pipe strength is not exceeded relative
to height of fill above the pipe, trench width and bedding class.
F.Â
The maximum trench width for cast-iron pipe and ductile
iron pipe shall not exceed the outside diameter of the pipe plus 24
inches. Where necessary to reduce the earth load on trench banks to
prevent sliding and caving, the banks may be cut back on slopes which
shall not extend lower than one foot above the top of the pipe, subject
to the limitations above.
G.Â
Unauthorized trench widths. Where, for any reason,
the width of the lower portion of the trench as excavated at any point
exceeds the maximum permitted in the foregoing tables, either pipe
of adequate strength, special pipe embedment or Class A concrete arch
encasement, as required by loading conditions and as determined by
the Township, shall be furnished and installed by and at the expense
of the contractor.
H.Â
The use of mechanical equipment will not be permitted
in locations where its operation would cause damage to buildings,
culverts or other existing property, utilities or structures above
or below ground; in all such locations, hand excavating tools and
methods shall be used.
I.Â
Mechanical equipment used for trench excavation shall
be of a type, design and construction and shall be so operated that
the rough trench excavation bottom elevation can be controlled, that
uniform trench widths and vertical side walls are obtained at least
from an elevation one foot above the top of the installed pipe to
the bottom of the trench, and that the trench alignment is such that
the pipe, when accurately laid to specified alignment, will be centered
in the trench with adequate clearance between the pipe and side walls
of the trench. Undercutting of the trench side wall to obtain clearance
will not be permitted.
J.Â
Cuts in concrete pavement and concrete base pavement
shall be no larger than necessary to provide adequate working space
for proper installation of pipe, pipe line appurtenances and paving
replacement. Cutting shall be started with a groove at least 1Â 1/2
inches deep along each side of the trench and along the perimeter
of cuts for structures.
K.Â
Concrete pavement and concrete base pavement over
trenches excavated for pipe lines shall be removed so that a shoulder
no less than 12 inches in width at any point is maintained between
the cut edge of the pavement and the top edge of the trench. Pavement
cuts shall be made to and between straight or accurately marked curved
lines which, unless otherwise required, shall be parallel to the center
line of the trench.
L.Â
Bituminous pavement over trenches shall be removed
so that a shoulder not less than 18 inches in width at any point is
left between the cut edge of the pavement surface and the top edge
of the trench. A minimum of 12 inches in width of base material shall
be removed from the edge of the trench to subgrade.
M.Â
Pavement restoration or temporary restoration shall
comply with the standard details of the contract drawings.
N.Â
Except where otherwise required, pipe trenches shall
be excavated below pipe subgrade elevations to provide for the installation
of granular fill pipe foundation material.
(1)Â
Bell holes. Bell holes shall provide adequate clearance
for the tools and methods used in installing the pipe. No part of
any bell or coupling shall be in contact with the trench bottom, trench
walls or the granular fill when the pipe is jointed.
A.Â
The contractor shall keep all excavations free from
water at all times. Drainage systems and pumping equipment shall be
provided, maintained and operated as necessary. Drainage shall be
controlled by a properly pumped system of well points, wells, sumps
or other suitable means to protect excavations from an inflow or upflow
of groundwater and to control groundwater to a sufficient depth below
footing excavations and utilities to prevent any groundwater head
from acting against the soil on which foundations and utilities are
placed. Soil under foundations which has been disturbed by pressure
or flow of groundwater shall be removed and foundations shall be lowered
accordingly. Dewatering procedures will continue until the structures
to be built are completed to the extent that no damage from hydrostatic
pressure, flotation or other causes will result.
B.Â
Flows from dewatering of trench or other excavation
shall be discharged in an acceptable manner so as not to cause soil
erosion or transport of silt. The contractor shall be responsible
to provide a suitable temporary measure or siltation basin of such
size and material as may be directed by the Engineer or Soil Conservation
District representative consistent with practices set forth in the
New Jersey Standards for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control.
C.Â
Surface water shall be diverted or otherwise prevented
from entering excavated areas or trenches to the greatest extent practicable
without causing damage to lands adjacent to the project.
D.Â
No pipe or reinforcing steel shall be installed in
water nor shall water be allowed to come in contact with concrete
for 12 hours after placing.
A.Â
Subgrades for concrete structures shall be firm, dense
and thoroughly compacted and consolidated; shall be free from mud
and muck; and shall be sufficiently stable to remain firm and intact
under the feet of the workmen.
B.Â
Subgrades for concrete structures which are otherwise
solid but which become mucky on top due to construction operations
shall be reinforced with one or more layers of granular fill material
or other crushed stone or gravel embedded therein. Not more than one-half-inch
depth of mud or muck shall be allowed to remain on stabilized subgrade
when the bedding material is placed thereon. The finished elevation
of stabilized subgrades for concrete structures shall not be above
the subgrade elevations shown on the plans.
C.Â
Materials for stabilization shall be as specified
hereinafter.
A.Â
Wherever the terms "percent of maximum density" or
"optimum moisture" are used, maximum density and optimum moisture
shall be determined by the Standard Compaction Test described below.
B.Â
Standard Compaction Test. The Standard Compaction
Test shall be in accordance with AASHTO Design T99, except as modified
below:
(1)Â
For samples containing no material retained on the
No.4 sieve, use Method A or B. When the plasticity index of the soil
is greater than 25 (heavy clays), the soil shall be placed in the
mold in four layers, each compacted as outlined in the test method
used.
(2)Â
For samples containing material retained on the No.
4 sieve, use Method D, preferably, or Method C. The amount retained
on the three-fourths-inch sieve shall be weighed and discarded. To
prepare the sample for the compaction test, the same amount of three-fourths-inch
to No. 4 sieve material shall be substituted for the portion discarded.
C.Â
Field Density Test. Field Density shall be obtained
using the sand cone method ASSHTO Design T191, by the balloon method,
nuclear densimeter or by use of any satisfactory materials or equipment
suitable to the conditions prevailing in the material being tested.
Maximum density as determined by the Standard Compaction Test to determine
the percent compaction obtained.
Embedment materials both below and above the
bottom of the pipe, the classes of embedment to be used, and the placement
and compaction of embedment materials shall at a minimum conform to
the following requirements.
A.Â
Embedment materials. Granular bedding material shall
be as specified hereinafter.
B.Â
Placement and compaction.
(1)Â
All granular fill material beneath the pipe shall
be spread and the surface graded to provide a uniform and continuous
support beneath the pipe at all points between bell holes or pipe
joints. It will be permissible to slightly disturb the finished subgrade
surface by the withdrawal of pipe slings or other lifting tackle.
(2)Â
After each pipe has been graded, aligned and placed
in final position on the bedding material and shoved home, sufficient
pipe embedment material shall be deposited and compacted around each
side of the pipe and back of the bell or end thereof to firmly hold
and maintain the pipe in proper position and alignment during subsequent
pipe jointing, embedment and backfilling operations.
(3)Â
Embedment material shall be deposited and compacted
uniformly and simultaneously on each side of the pipe to prevent lateral
displacement of the pipe and brought to the height above top of pipe
as shown on the details.
(4)Â
Tamped pipe embedment material (that portion of the
embedment above the granular fill) shall be selected earth or granular
fill, free from sod, sticks, roots or rocks over three-fourths-inch
size, and to be of proper moisture content for compaction.
(5)Â
Tamped pipe embedment material shall be compacted
to 90% of maximum density, except where trench backfill is specified
as 96% compacted backfill. In this case, the embedment material shall
be compacted to 96% maximum density.
General. All trench backfill above pipe embedment
shall conform to one of the following specifications:
A.Â
New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) rights-of-way.
Work in, on or along rights-of-way belonging to the State of New Jersey
shall be governed by the rules and regulations of the New Jersey Department
of Transportation relating to the laying of pipe or construction of
other structures on their right-of-way. The contractor shall be responsible
for complying with said regulation and shall be fully responsible
to the NJDOT for any work preformed upon these rights-of-way. All
backfill within rights-of-way ditch lines shall be made with an approved
granular material.
B.Â
County roads and rights-of-way. All work in county
roads and rights-of-way shall be governed by the rules and regulations
of Sussex County.
C.Â
Street and road rights-of-way. All backfill for pipe
trenches between the ditch lines in street and road rights-of-way
shall be made with an approved granular material. If the contractor
elects to use excavated material for backfill, he shall mechanically
tamp the backfill in layers not exceeding the depth that can be properly
compacted by the equipment in use. The contractor shall demonstrate
the compaction technique and provide compaction tests at his expense
to determine the depth of layers to be placed.
D.Â
Lawns and unimproved areas. All backfill for pipe
trenches in lawns and unimproved areas may be placed by any method
or combination of methods which will not impose excessive concentrated
or unbalanced loads, shock, impact on or displacement of the installed
pipe. Backfilling shall be completed in a manner to prevent trench
settlement. In fields and unimproved areas, the trench shall receive
reasonable compaction and may be mounded. The mounded area shall not
impound water or otherwise damage the property through which the pipeline
is constructed. The contractor shall maintain and clean up all work
through private property, and he shall be responsible for any damage.
The trenches shall be maintained for a period of one year after acceptance
of the entire contract.
E.Â
Special compacted backfill. When directed in writing
by the Township, the following specifications shall prevail. Payment
shall be made by the unit price bid for special compacted backfill
as included in the bid schedule.
(1)Â
Ninety-percent compacted backfill. Backfill material
shall be selected earth or granular fill material, free from sod,
sticks and roots over 1/2 inches in diameter, and free from hard lumps,
clods or rocks in such quantity or concentration as to interfere with
the specified compaction. Material shall be of proper moisture content
for specified compaction.
(a)Â
If specified density cannot be obtained with
available earth, the contractor shall furnish and haul granular fill
material or suitable earth at his expense. Unsuitable earth shall
be disposed of and transported in conformance with local, county and
state regulations.
(b)Â
Backfill shall be compacted to 90% of maximum
density. The Township will call for density tests to be made whenever
deemed necessary. The specified density will be the minimum allowed
and the obtainment thereof will be entirely the contractor's responsibility.
(c)Â
Thickness of backfill layers will be determined
by the coordination of test results with field performance and equipment
used. The contractor shall maintain established procedures except
where unusual conditions arise. If greater than twelve-inch-thick
compacted layers are used, the contractor shall hand excavate to the
test level as directed by the Township Inspector and then refill the
test excavation with compacted backfill to the specified density.
A.Â
After completion of the subgrade preparation work
and all required filling, compacting and rough grading work to bring
the subgrade to proper alignment and cross section at proper elevation,
provide a layer of granular drainage fill, six inches thick, minimum,
after compaction as a base course for all concrete slabs on grade
or fill. Fill under walks and paved areas shall be a minimum of six
inches. This shall include the entire area inside building and all
concrete paved areas outside the building such as walks, approaches,
etc. Compaction of material shall be to 96% of maximum density at
optimum moisture content.
B.Â
Compact bottom of all footing excavations in granular
soils with vibratory compactor with minimum of three passes over each
area just prior to placing of reinforcing steel.
Backfill around structures shall meet the same
requirements as for the pipeline connected thereto. Methods used shall
be such as not to damage the structure or cause the structure to float
due to hydrostatic uplift.
A.Â
Granular fill for stabilization, pipe bedding or pipe
embedment shall be crushed stone meeting the allowable gradation envelope
of NJDOT No. 57 Stone as follows:
1 1/2 inches
|
Square mesh sieve
|
100%
|
Passing
| |
1 inch
|
Square mesh sieve
|
95 to 100%
|
Passing
| |
1/2 inch
|
Square mesh sieve
|
25 to 60%
|
Passing
| |
No. 4 Mesh
|
Square mesh sieve
|
0 to 10%
|
Passing
| |
No. 8 Mesh
|
Square mesh sieve
|
0 to 5%
|
Passing
|
B.Â
Place granular fill on a suitable prepared subgrade
in lifts not exceeding six inches and bring up evenly on both sides
of pipe. Do not dump over side of trench in any manner that will bring
earth into the granular fill area or displace the pipe. Compact, vibrate
or slice with a shovel, in such manner that granular fill will take
its final compaction and provide uniform and solid bearing under the
pipe and its final compaction and provide uniform and solid bearing
under the pipe and its haunches.
C.Â
Around structures and above the pipe embedment, granular
fill shall be brought up evenly on all sides in lifts not exceeding
12 inches.
D.Â
Minimum compaction requirement for granular fill is
95% of maximum density.
E.Â
Where granular fills are to be covered with concrete
after the fills have been installed, the top surface thereof shall
be graded to the required subgrade and covered with six mil polyethylene
film.
Excavated material in excess of that required
for backfill, fill or other purposes, including any stored surplus,
shall be disposed of properly. Conformance with local, county and
state regulations relative to disposal and transport of materials
shall be observed.
A.Â
Rough grading shall be accomplished over all areas
within the grading limit lines and over all areas which are disturbed
by any work for the project. Rough grading shall consist of bringing
grade to elevations as specified and thoroughly compacting by machine
or by hand as necessary. Do grading to approved stakes.
B.Â
Do no grading until sewers, water mains and other
utilities are installed.
C.Â
Later, if fill and/or backfill has settled, fill shallow
places to bring them up to grade. Include areas where trenches were
backfilled.
D.Â
Rough grading of all areas within the project, including
excavated and filled sections and adjacent transition areas, shall
be reasonably smooth, compacted and free from irregular surface changes.
The degree of finish shall be that ordinarily obtainable from either
blade-grader or scraper operations, except as otherwise specified.
A.Â
Pavement and pavement base materials, excavated rock,
junk and debris encountered in excavation work, and other similar
waste material, shall be disposed of away from the site of the work.
B.Â
Where uncompacted backfill is permitted or specified,
excess earth from excavation shall be mounded directly over the pipe
trench, in such a manner that the earth will settle into the trench
as natural consolidation occurs. Openings for natural drainage shall
be provided. The mounded earth shall be graded to a smooth, uniform
surface. That portion of the earth displaced by the pipe shall be
uniformly and smoothly graded adjacent to the trench.
C.Â
For all types of backfill other than uncompacted,
the contractor shall dispose of excess excavated material above the
surface of the ground or subgrade of pavement, walks, etc.
D.Â
Fine grade, suitable for seeding or sodding. Hand
rake earth off grass in established lawn areas, unless directed to
leave excess earth as outlined above.
E.Â
Just prior to completion and acceptance of the project,
the contractor shall final grade over all pipe trenches and around
structures, filling any places that may have settled during the period
between construction and the completion of the entire contract.
A.Â
The contractor shall be responsible financially and
otherwise for all settlement of trench and other backfill which may
occur from the time of original backfilling until the expiration of
one year after the date of acceptance of the entire contract under
which the backfilling work was performed, and for the refilling and
repair of all backfill settlement and the repair or replacement or
the original walks, surface structures, utilities, drainage facilities
and sod which have been damaged as a result of backfill settlement
or which have been removed or destroyed in connection with backfill
replacement operations, and for all damage claims or court actions
against the Township for any damage directly or indirectly caused
by backfill settlement.
B.Â
The contractor shall make all necessary backfill replacements
and repairs, or replacements appurtenant thereto, within 30 days after
notification by the Township. Upon the contractor's failure to do
so, the Township may do, or have done, the necessary work and charge
the cost to the contractor.