For the purposes of this chapter, certain terms and words used
herein shall be interpreted as follows:
(a)
Words used in the present tense include the future tense; the
singular number includes the plural, and the plural number includes
the singular; words of masculine gender include feminine gender; and
words of feminine gender include masculine gender.
(b)
The word "includes" or "including" shall not limit the term
to the specific example, but is intended to extend its meaning to
all other instances of like kind and character.
(c)
The words "shall" and "must" are mandatory; the words "may"
and "should" are permissive.
As used in this chapter, the following terms shall have the
meanings indicated:
The removal of the surface of the land through the combined
action of man's activity and natural processes at a rate greater than
that which would occur because of the natural process alone.
Activities associated with agriculture such as agricultural
cultivation, agricultural operation, and animal heavy use areas. This
includes the work of producing crops including tillage, land clearing,
plowing, disking, harrowing, planting, harvesting crops, or pasturing
and raising of livestock and installation of conservation measures.
Construction of new buildings or impervious area is not considered
an agricultural activity.
As applied to land, a change in topography as a result of
the moving of soil and rock from one location or position to another;
also the changing of surface conditions by causing the surface to
be more or less impervious; land disturbance.
See "return period."
A landowner, developer or other person who has filed an application for approval to the Township of Lower Gwynedd to engage in any regulated activity defined in § 1241.105 above.
Engineering or site drawings maintained by the contractor
as he constructs the project and upon which he documents the actual
locations of the building components and changes to the original contract
documents. These documents, or a copy of same, are turned over to
the qualified professional at the completion of the project.
See "return period."
The channel at the top-of-bank, or point from where water
begins to overflow onto a floodplain.
Portion of stream discharge derived from groundwater; the
sustained discharge that does not result from direct runoff or from
water diversions, reservoir releases, piped discharges, or other human
activities.
Activities, facilities, designs, measures or procedures used
to manage stormwater impacts from regulated activities, to meet State
Water Quality Requirements, to promote groundwater recharge and to
otherwise meet the purposes of this chapter. Stormwater BMPs are commonly
grouped into one of two broad categories or measures: "structural"
or "nonstructural." In this chapter, nonstructural BMPs or measures
refer to operational and/or behavior-related practices that attempt
to minimize the contact of pollutants with stormwater runoff, whereas
structural BMPs or measures are those that consist of a physical device
or practice that is installed to capture and treat stormwater runoff.
Structural BMPs include, but are not limited to, a wide variety of
practices and devices, from large-scale retention ponds and constructed
wetlands to small-scale underground treatment systems, infiltration
facilities, filter strips, bioretention, wet ponds, permeable paving,
grassed swales, sand filters, detention basins, and manufactured devices.
Structural stormwater BMPs are permanent appurtenances to the project
site.
Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual,
No. 363 0300 002 (December 2006).
The area of land immediately adjacent to any stream, measured
perpendicular to and horizontally from the top-of-bank on both sides
of a stream. See "top-of-bank."
An open drainage feature through which stormwater flows.
Channels include, but shall not be limited to, natural and man-made
watercourses, swales, streams, ditches, canals, and pipes that continuously
or intermittently convey flowing water.
The widening, deepening, or headward cutting of channels
and waterways caused by stormwater runoff or bankfull flows.
An underground reservoir or tank for storing rainwater.
A conservation district, as defined in Section 3(c) of the
Conservation District Law (3 P.S. § 851(c)), that has the
authority under a delegation agreement executed with DEP to administer
and enforce all or a portion of the regulations promulgated under
25 Pa. Code 102.
A structure with its appurtenant works which carries water
under or through an embankment or fill.
A man-made barrier, together with its appurtenant works,
constructed for the purpose of impounding or storing water or another
fluid or semifluid. A dam may include a refuse bank, fill, or structure
for highway, railroad, or other purposes that impounds or may impound
water or another fluid or semifluid.
The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.
A Pennsylvania registered professional engineer, registered
landscape architect or registered professional land surveyor trained
to develop stormwater management plans.
The magnitude and temporal distribution of precipitation
from a storm event measured in probability of occurrence (e.g., a
five-year storm), and duration (e.g., 24 hours), used in the design
and evaluation of stormwater management systems. See also "return
period."
An impoundment designed to collect and retard stormwater
runoff by temporarily storing the runoff and releasing it at a predetermined
rate. Detention basins are designed to drain completely soon after
a rainfall event, and to become dry until the next rainfall event.
The volume of runoff that is captured and released into the
waters of the commonwealth at a controlled rate.
Any landowner, agent of such landowner or tenant with the
permission of such landowner who makes or causes to be made a subdivision
of land or a land development or a person who seeks to undertake any
regulated earth disturbance activity at a project site in the Township
of Lower Gwynedd.
Any human-induced change to improved or unimproved real estate,
whether public or private, including, but not limited to, land development,
construction, installation, or expansion of a building or other structure,
land division, street construction, and site alteration such as embankments,
dredging, grubbing, grading, paving, parking or storage facilities,
excavation, filling, stockpiling, or clearing. As referenced in this
chapter, "development" includes both new development and redevelopment.
The specific area of land where any regulated activity set forth in § 1241.105 is planned, conducted, or maintained. See also "project site."
The outside bark diameter at breast height which is defined
as 4.5 feet (1.37m) above the forest floor on the uphill side of the
tree.
Drainage discharge that is not confined to a single point
location or channel, including sheet flow or shallow concentrated
flow.
An impervious or impermeable surface that is directly connected
to a stormwater drainage or conveyance system, leading to direct runoff,
decreased infiltration, decreased filtration, and decreased time of
concentration.
The point at which runoff is released from a stormwater facility.
An impervious or impermeable surface that is disconnected
from any stormwater drainage or conveyance system, and is redirected
or directed to a pervious area, which allows for infiltration, filtration,
and increased time of concentration.
Unstabilized land where an earth disturbance activity is
occurring or has occurred.
A man-made waterway constructed for irrigation or stormwater
conveyance purposes.
A stormwater management facility designed to transport stormwater
runoff that includes channels, swales, pipes, conduits, culverts,
and storm sewers.
A right granted by a landowner to a grantee allowing the
use of private land for stormwater management purposes.
A construction or other human activity which disturbs the
surface of land including, but not limited to, clearing and grubbing,
grading, filling, excavations, embankments, land development, agricultural
plowing or tilling, timber harvesting activities, road maintenance
activities, mineral or fluid extraction, and the moving, depositing,
stockpiling, or storing of soil, rock, or earth materials.
A conveyance area that is used to pass peak discharge greater
than the maximum design storm controlled by the stormwater facility.
A structure or activity that changes, expands, or diminishes
the course, current, or cross-section of a watercourse, floodway,
or body of water.
The natural process by which the surface of the land is worn
away by water, wind or chemical action.
A site-specific plan identifying BMPs to minimize accelerated
erosion and sedimentation. For agricultural plowing or tilling activities,
the erosion and sediment control plan is that portion of a conservation
plan identifying BMPs to minimize accelerated erosion and sedimentation.
Surface waters having qualities that satisfy one or more
of the conditions established in Pennsylvania Code Title 25 Environmental
Protection, Chapter 93, Water Quality Standards, § 93.4b(b),
and is a surface water of exceptional ecological significance.
The dominant land cover during the five-year period immediately
preceding a proposed regulated activity. If the initial condition
of the site is undeveloped land, the land use shall be considered
as "meadow" unless the Township determines that the natural land cover
has a lower curve number (CN) or rational "c" value, such as forested
lands.
An undisturbed surface area or depression where stormwater
collects, a portion of which infiltrates and replenishes groundwater.
Federal Emergency Management Agency.
A temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of
land areas from the overflow of streams, rivers, and other waters
of the commonwealth.
Any land area susceptible to inundation by water from any
natural source or delineated by applicable FEMA maps and studies being
a special flood hazard area. Included are lands adjoining a river
or stream that have been or may be expected to be inundated by a 100-year
flood, i.e., the flood of magnitude that has 1% chance of being equaled
or exceeded in any given year. Also includes areas that comprise Group
13 Soils, as listen in Appendix A of the Pennsylvania DEP Technical
Manual for Sewage Enforcement Officers (as amended or replaced from
time to time by DEP).
The channel of a watercourse and those portions of the adjoining
floodplains that are reasonably required to carry and discharge the
100-year frequency flood. Unless otherwise specified, the boundary
of the floodway is as indicated on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)
and flood insurance studies provided by FEMA. In an area where no
FEMA maps or studies have defined the boundary of the 100-year frequency
floodway, it is assumed, absent of evidence to the contrary, that
the floodway extends 50 feet from the top-of-bank on each side of
the stream.
Planning and associated activities necessary for the management
of forest lands. These include timber inventory and preparation of
forest management plans, silvicultural treatment, cutting budgets,
logging road design and construction, timber harvesting, site preparation,
and reforestation.
A vertical distance between the elevation of the design high-water
and the top of a dam, levee, tank, basin, swale, or diversion berm.
The space is required as a safety margin in a pond or basin.
Systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes
to infiltrate, evapotranspire, or reuse stormwater in the site where
it is generated.
Water beneath the earth's surface that supplies wells and
springs and is within the saturated zone of soil and rock.
The replenishment of existing natural underground water supplies
from precipitation or overland flow.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering
Center (HEC) - Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS). This model was used
to model the Wissahickon Creek Watershed and Neshaminy Creek during
the Act 167 plan development and is the basis for the standards and
criteria of this chapter.
Surface waters having qualities that satisfy one or more
of the conditions established by Pennsylvania Code Title 25 Environmental
Protection, Chapter 93, Water Quality Standards, § 93.4b(a),
and supports a high-quality aquatic community.
An area where land use or activities generate highly contaminated
runoff, with concentrations of pollutants in excess of those typically
found in stormwater. Typical pollutant loadings in stormwater may
be found in Chapter 8, Section 6, of the Pennsylvania Stormwater Best
Management Practices Manual, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection (PADEP) No. 363.0300.002 (2006). More information concerning
hot spots may be found in Appendix B.[1]
A graph representing the discharge of water versus time at
a selected point in the drainage system.
The hydrologic cycle or balance that sustains quality and
quantity of stormwater, baseflow, storage, and groundwater supplies
under natural conditions.
A classification of soils by the Natural Resources Conservation
Service, formerly the Soil Conservation Service, into four runoff
potential groups. The groups range from "A" soils, which are highly
permeable and have produce less runoff, to "D" soils, which have lower
permeability and produced increased runoff.
A surface that prevents the infiltration of water into the
ground. Impervious surfaces include, but are not limited to, roofs,
parking areas, driveways, streets and sidewalks. Any surface areas
designed to be gravel or crushed stone shall be assumed to be impervious
surfaces.
A retention or detention basin designed to retain stormwater
runoff and release it at a controlled rate.
Development that occurs on smaller parcels that are undeveloped,
but are within or in very close proximity to urban or densely developed
areas. Infill development usually relies on existing infrastructure
and does not require an extension of water, sewer, or other public
utilities.
Movement of surface water into the soil, where it is absorbed
by plant roots, evaporated into the atmosphere, or percolated downward
to recharge groundwater.
A structure designed to direct runoff into the underground
water (e.g., french drains, seepage pits or seepage trenches).
The value used to calculate the volume or peak rate of runoff
in the Soil Cover Complex Method. It represents the combination of
the rainfall depths retained on vegetation, stored on the soil surface,
and infiltrated prior to the start of runoff.
The upstream end of any structure through which water may
flow.
A stream that flows only part of the time. Flow generally
occurs for several weeks or months in response to seasonal precipitation
or groundwater discharge.
A type of topography or landscape characterized by surface
depressions, sinkholes, rock pinnacles/uneven bedrock surface, underground
drainage and caves. Karst is formed on carbonate rocks, such as limestone
or dolomite.
Any of the following activities:
The improvement of one lot or two or more contiguous lots, tracts,
or parcels of land for any purpose involving:
A group of two or more residential or nonresidential buildings,
whether proposed initially or cumulatively, or a single nonresidential
building on a lot or lots regardless of the number of occupants or
tenure; or
The division or allocation of land or space, whether initially
or cumulatively, between or among two or more existing or prospective
occupants by means of, or for the purpose of, streets, common areas,
leaseholds, condominiums, building groups, or other features;
A subdivision of land;
Development in accordance with Section 503(1.1) of the Pennsylvania
Municipalities Planning Code.
A soil horizon or condition in the soil profile or underlying
a stratum that includes one of the following:
A seasonal high water table, whether perched or regional, determined
by direct observation of the water table or indicated by soil mottling.
A rock with open joints, fracture or solution channels, or masses
of loose rock fragments, including gravel, with sufficient fine soil
to fill the voids between the fragments.
A rock formation, other stratum, or soil condition that is so
slowly permeable that it effectively limits downward passage of water.
A designated parcel, tract, or area of land established by
a plat or otherwise as permitted by law and to be used, developed,
or built upon as a unit.
Site design approaches and small-scale stormwater management
practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration,
evapotranspiration, and reuse of rainwater. LID can be applied to
new development, urban retrofits, and revitalization projects, LID
utilizes design techniques that infiltrate, filter, evaporate, and
store runoff close to its source. Rather than rely on costly large-scale
conveyance and treatment systems, LID addresses stormwater through
a variety of small, cost-effective landscape features located on-site.
Township of Lower Gwynedd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
Any stream segment or other runoff conveyance used as a reach
in the Wissahickon Creek or Neshaminy Creek Watershed hydrologic model.
A method for calculation of velocity of flow (e.g., feet
per second) and flow or discharge rate (e.g., cubic feet per second)
in open channels based upon channel shape, roughness, depth of flow,
and slope. "Open channels" may include closed conduits so long as
the flow is not under pressure.
The Montgomery County Conservation District.
Township of Lower Gwynedd, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
See "hydrologic regime."
Water flowing in stormwater collection facilities, such as
pipes or swales, which are not the result of a rainfall event or snowmelt.
Pollution that enters a water body from diffuse origins in
the watershed and does not result from discernible, confined, or discrete
conveyances.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, the federal
government's system for issuance of permits under the Clean Water
Act, which is delegated to DEP in Pennsylvania.
Natural Resource Conservation Service of the United States
Department of Agriculture [previously the Soil Conservation Service
(SCS)].
"Point source" as described in 40 CFR 122.2 at the point
where the Township's storm sewer system discharges to surface waters
of the Commonwealth.
Points of water disposal to a stream, river, lake, tidewater,
or artificial drain.
The parcel of land from which a land development or subdivision
originates, determined from the date of Township adoption of the stormwater
ordinance.
The maximum rate of stormwater runoff from a specific storm
event.
The computer-based hydrologic model developed at the Pennsylvania
State University.
A stream which contains water at all times except during
extreme drought.
An individual, firm, association, organization, partnership,
trust, company, corporation, unit of government, public utility or
any other legal entity whatsoever which is recognized by law as the
subject of rights and duties.
Any area not defined as impervious.
A culvert, closed conduit, or similar structure (including
appurtenances) that conveys stormwater.
The Planning Commission of Lower Gwynedd Township.
Any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance including
but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel or conduit from
which stormwater is or may be discharged as defined in state regulations
at 25 Pa. Code § 92.1.
Period after construction during which disturbed areas are
stabilized, stormwater controls are in place and functioning, and
all proposed improvements in the approved land development plan are
completed.
See "existing condition."
Techniques employed in stormwater BMPs to provide storage
or filtering to trap coarse materials and other pollutants before
they enter the system, but not necessarily designed to meet the water
quality volume control requirements (WQv) of § 1241.408.
The specific area of land where any regulated earth disturbance
activities in the Lower Gwynedd Township are planned, conducted, or
maintained.
Any person licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of State
or otherwise qualified by law to perform the work required by the
chapter.
A rainfall-runoff relation used to estimate peak flow.
The replenishment of groundwater through the infiltration
of rainfall, other surface waters, or land application of water or
treated wastewater.
Original documents revised to present the as-built conditions
and subsequently provided by the Engineer to the client. The Engineer
reviews the contractor's as-built drawings against his/her own records
for completeness, then either turns these over to the client or transfers
the information to a set of reproducibles, in both cases for the client's
permanent records. Record drawings are not the same as record plans
submitted for recording with the county in accordance with the Municipalities
Planning Code (Act 247).
See "return period."
Any development that requires demolition or removal of existing
structures or impervious surfaces at a site and replacement with new
impervious surfaces. Maintenance activities such as top-layer grinding
and repaving are not considered to be redevelopment. Interior remodeling
projects and tenant improvements are also not considered to be redevelopment.
Utility trenches in streets are not considered redevelopment unless
more than 50% of the street width, including shoulders, is removed
and repaved.
Any earth disturbance activities or any activities that involve
the alteration or development of land in a manner that may affect
stormwater runoff.
Activity involving earth disturbance subject to regulation
under 25 Pa. Code 92, 25 Pa. Code 102, or the Clean Streams Law.
The percentage of existing conditions peak rate of runoff
from a site or subarea to which the proposed conditions peak rate
of runoff must be reduced to protect downstream areas.
Replacement of an impervious surface that does not involve
reconstruction of an existing paved (impervious) surface (e.g., addition
of a new layer of asphalt over an existing paved surface).
Reconstruction of and full replacement of an existing paved
(impervious) surface (e.g., demolition and removal of surface layer,
foundation, and base course; and subsequent reconstruction of the
entire sequence).
A structure in which stormwater is stored and not released
during the storm event. Retention basins are designed for infiltration
purposes, and do not have an outlet. The retention basin must infiltrate
stored water in three days or less.
The volume of runoff that is captured and not released directly
into the surface waters of the Commonwealth during or after a storm
event.
The average interval, in years, within which a storm event
of a given or greater magnitude can be expected to recur. The reciprocal
of the return period is the annual exceedance probability of the storm
event, that is, the probability that the storm event is equaled or
exceeded in any one-year period. For example, the twenty-five-year
return period rainfall would be expected to recur on the average of
once every 25 years, or conversely would have a 1/25 or 4% chance
of occurrence or exceedance in any given year.
A permanent area of trees and shrubs located adjacent to
streams, lakes, ponds and wetlands.
Earth disturbance activities within the existing road cross-section,
such as grading and repairing existing unpaved road surfaces, cutting
road banks, cleaning or clearing drainage ditches and other similar
activities.
A drainage conduit or pipe that collects water runoff from
a roof and leads it away from the structure.
Any part of precipitation, as well as any other flow contributions,
that flows over the land surface.
Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance.[2]
Soils or other materials transported by water, air or gravity
as a product of erosion.
The placement, discharge, or any other introduction of sediment
into the waters of the Commonwealth.
The process by which mineral or organic matter is accumulated
or deposited by the movement of water, air or gravity. Once this matter
is deposited (or remains suspended) it is typically referred to as
"sediment."
An area of excavated earth filled with loose stone or similar
coarse material into which surface water is directed for infiltration
into the underground water. More information on seepage pits may be
found in the Pennsylvania BMP Manual, December 2006, Chapter 6, Section
4.
A conveyance or system of conveyances (including roads with
drainage systems, Township streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters,
ditches, man-made channels, or storm drains) primarily used for collecting
and conveying stormwater runoff.
Stormwater runoff flowing in shallow, defined ruts prior
to entering a defined channel or waterway.
A flow process associated with broad, shallow water movement
on sloping ground surfaces that is not channelized or concentrated.
The degree of deviation of a surface plane from the horizontal,
usually expressed in percentage, as derived by dividing the vertical
distance by the horizontal distance over which the vertical change
is measured. A steep slope shall be considered any "slope" with a
deviation of 15% or greater.
A method of runoff computation developed by NRCS that is
based on relating soil type and land use/cover to a runoff parameter
called curve number (CN).
The zone through which contaminants, if present, are likely
to migrate and reach drinking water wells or surface water intakes.
Watersheds that have been designated in Pennsylvania Code
Title 25 Environmental Protection, Chapter 93, Water Quality Standards,
as special value (EV) or high-quality (HQ) waters.
A conveyance that is used to pass the peak discharge of the
maximum design storm that is controlled by the stormwater facility.
The regulatory requirements to protect, maintain, reclaim,
and restore water quality under Title 25 of the Pennsylvania Code
and the Clean Streams Law.
The number of times that a given storm "event" occurs or
is exceeded on average in a stated period of years. See "return period."
A system of pipes and/or open channels that convey intercepted
runoff and stormwater from other sources excluding domestic sewage
and industrial waste.
The drainage runoff generated by precipitation or snow or
ice melt reaching the ground surface.
The plan prepared by the applicant or the applicant's representative
indicating how stormwater runoff will be managed at a project site
to meet the requirements of this chapter. Small project SWM site plans
may be prepared for certain projects.
Abbreviated as BMPs or SWM BMPs throughout this chapter.
Any structure, natural or man-made, that, due to its condition,
design, or construction, conveys, stores or otherwise affects stormwater
runoff quality, rate or quantity. Typical stormwater management facilities
include, but are not limited to, detention and retention basins, open
channels, storm sewers, pipes and infiltration structures.
The watershed plan or plans for managing those land use activities
that will influence stormwater runoff quality and quantity and that
would impact the Wissahickon Creek Watershed adopted by Montgomery
and Philadelphia Counties as required by the Act of October 4, 1978,
P.L. 864 (Act 167).
A flow of water in a natural channel or bed either perennial
or intermittent. Examples include brooks, creeks, rivulets or small
rivers.
The widening, deepening, or headward cutting of channels
and waterways, caused by stormwater runoff or bankfull flows.
The land area adjacent to each side of a stream essential
to maintaining water quality (see "buffer").
A bridge, culvert, or other structure in excess of 100 feet
in length upstream to downstream which encloses a regulated water
of the Commonwealth.
The smallest drainage unit of a watershed for which stormwater
management criteria have been established in the stormwater management
plan.
The division or redivision of a lot, tract, or parcel of
land by any means into two or more lots, tracts, parcels, or other
divisions of land including changes in existing lot lines for the
purpose, whether immediate or future, of lease, partition by the court
for distribution to heirs or devisees, transfer of ownership, or building
or lot development; provided, however, that the subdivision by lease
of land for agricultural purposes into parcels of more than 10 acres
not involving any new street or easement of access or any residential
dwelling shall be exempted. See also "land development."
Any and all rivers, streams, creeks, rivulets, impoundments,
ditches, watercourses, storm sewers, lakes, dammed water, wetlands,
ponds, springs and all other bodies or channels of conveyance of surface
water, or parts thereof, whether natural or artificial, perennial
or intermittent, within or on the boundaries of this Commonwealth.
A low-lying stretch of land that gathers or carries surface
water runoff.
See "forest management."
The time required for surface runoff to travel from the hydraulically
most distant point of the watershed to a point of interest within
the watershed. This time is the combined total of overland flow time
and flow time in pipes or channels, if any.
Highest point of elevation in a stream channel cross-section
at which a rising water level just begins to flow outside of the channel
and over the floodplain.
A professional engineer (PE) licensed as such in the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, duly appointed as the Engineer for the Township,
planning agency, or joint planning commission.
United States Department of Agriculture.
A natural or man-made waterway, usually broad and shallow,
covered in erosion resistant grasses, used to convey surface water.
Seasonal depressional wetlands that are covered by shallow
water for variable periods from winter to spring but may be completely
dry for most of the summer and fall.
A channel or conveyance of surface water having defined bed
and banks, whether natural or artificial, with perennial or intermittent
flow.
Rivers, streams, creeks, rivulets, impoundments, ditches,
watercourses, storm sewers, lakes, dammed water, wetlands, ponds,
springs and other bodies or channels of conveyance of surface and
underground water, or parts thereof, whether natural or artificial,
within or on the boundaries of the commonwealth.
Region or area drained by a river, watercourse or other body
of water, whether natural or artificial.
Pond for urban runoff management that is designed to detain
urban runoff and always contains water.
Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or
groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and
that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands
generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, fens and similar areas.
The watershed plan for managing those land use activities
that will influence stormwater runoff quality and quantity and that
would impact the Wissahickon Creek Watershed adopted by Montgomery
and Philadelphia Counties as required by the Act of October 4, 1978,
P.L. 864 (Act 167).
A natural groundcover with more than one viable tree of a
DBH of six inches or greater per 1,500 square feet which existed for
a minimum of three consecutive years.
[1]
Editor's Note: The appendices are included as attachments to this chapter.
